NUR 280 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
Carbohydrate Metabolism - ANS - insulin supported process of facilitated diffusion; moves
glucose from the bloodstream into cells
- process that ensures constant supply of energy to cells
Insulin is produced by - ANS beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to the body's inability to
produce or use insulin
- Characterized by high levels of blood glucose
Insulin - ANS A hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the cells to use glucose in the
blood
Diabetes Mellitus predisposes the client to... - ANS - CVD
- renal damage/ renal failure
- peripheral vascular disease
- ischemic heart disease
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,- blindness
- peripheral neuropathy
- lower extremity amputation
4 Major Types of Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - Type I Diabetes
- Type II Diabetes
- Gestational diabetes mellitus
- Secondary causes of diabetes mellitus
Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus - ANS -diet
- obesity
- sedentary behavior
- insulin resistance
- autoimmune mechaisms
- hormonal changes during pregnancy
-genetic mutations
- pancreatic disease
- medication toxicity
Glucose - ANS - energy used by the cell or stored as glycogen or converted to fat
- energy for cell metabolism
Glycogen - ANS stored glucose in the liver and muscles
Glycogenesis - ANS process of glycogen formation
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Glycogenolysis - ANS breakdown of stored glycogen to turn it back into glucose to be used
Gluconeogenesis - ANS amino acids ad fats are converted into glucose
- toxic byproducts when fat is turned into glucose is keto acid and can cause diabetic
ketoacidosis
Normal blood glucose range - ANS 70-100mg/dL
Fasting blood glucose ranges - ANS - prediabetes: 100-125 mg/dL
- diabetes: 126 mg/dL or greater
Two Hour Plasma Glucose During OGTT(Oral glucose tolerance test) ranges - ANS -
prediabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 200 mg/dL or greater
Random Plasma Glucose ranges - ANS Diabetes: 200 mg/dL or greater
A1C Ranges - ANS - Used for diagnosis or tracking glucose control
- Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4 %
- Diabetes: 6.5% or greater
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM) - ANS - t-cell mediated attack of beta cells of the pancreas
- antibodies to islet cells, insulin, and enzymes involved in insulin production
- strong genetic influence
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
Carbohydrate Metabolism - ANS - insulin supported process of facilitated diffusion; moves
glucose from the bloodstream into cells
- process that ensures constant supply of energy to cells
Insulin is produced by - ANS beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to the body's inability to
produce or use insulin
- Characterized by high levels of blood glucose
Insulin - ANS A hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the cells to use glucose in the
blood
Diabetes Mellitus predisposes the client to... - ANS - CVD
- renal damage/ renal failure
- peripheral vascular disease
- ischemic heart disease
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,- blindness
- peripheral neuropathy
- lower extremity amputation
4 Major Types of Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - Type I Diabetes
- Type II Diabetes
- Gestational diabetes mellitus
- Secondary causes of diabetes mellitus
Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus - ANS -diet
- obesity
- sedentary behavior
- insulin resistance
- autoimmune mechaisms
- hormonal changes during pregnancy
-genetic mutations
- pancreatic disease
- medication toxicity
Glucose - ANS - energy used by the cell or stored as glycogen or converted to fat
- energy for cell metabolism
Glycogen - ANS stored glucose in the liver and muscles
Glycogenesis - ANS process of glycogen formation
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Glycogenolysis - ANS breakdown of stored glycogen to turn it back into glucose to be used
Gluconeogenesis - ANS amino acids ad fats are converted into glucose
- toxic byproducts when fat is turned into glucose is keto acid and can cause diabetic
ketoacidosis
Normal blood glucose range - ANS 70-100mg/dL
Fasting blood glucose ranges - ANS - prediabetes: 100-125 mg/dL
- diabetes: 126 mg/dL or greater
Two Hour Plasma Glucose During OGTT(Oral glucose tolerance test) ranges - ANS -
prediabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 200 mg/dL or greater
Random Plasma Glucose ranges - ANS Diabetes: 200 mg/dL or greater
A1C Ranges - ANS - Used for diagnosis or tracking glucose control
- Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4 %
- Diabetes: 6.5% or greater
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM) - ANS - t-cell mediated attack of beta cells of the pancreas
- antibodies to islet cells, insulin, and enzymes involved in insulin production
- strong genetic influence
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
