Toxicology Exam 1 with Complete
Solutions
ADME - ANS-Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Agranulocytosis - ANS-It is a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white
blood cells most often neutrophils. The bone marrow is not able to produce enough.
Aniline is a weak BASE with a pKb of 5. Show how you would predict its absorption
from the stomach (pH 2) and intestine (pH 6) (Note: you may leave your answers in
ratio form, but be sure to state whether absorption will or will not be favored). - ANS-
pKa-pH=log(ionized/nonionized)
Anoxic hypoxia - ANS-hypoxia due to pulmonary mechanisms of oxygenation; may be
due to reduced oxygen supply, respiratory obstruction, reduced pulmonary function, or
inadequate ventilation
ATP - ANS-energy; Adenosine triphosphate it helps with energy transfer and converts
phosphates to ADP or AMP
blockade of hemoglobin oxygen transport - ANS-Carbon monoxide; Hemoglobin is a
blood protein involved in oxygen transport, CO binds to hemoglobin with ~240 times
greater affinity than oxygen, Interferes with oxygen transport
Cooperativity - ANS-a phenomenon in which the shape of one subunit of an enzyme
consisting of several subunits is altered by the substrate (the substance upon which an
enzyme acts to form a product) or some other molecule so as to change the shape of a
neighbouring subunit. The result is that the binding of a second substrate molecule to
the second subunit of the enzyme differs in strength or velocity from that of the first, the
third from the second, and so on. If the change in shape of the first subunit makes
easier the binding of substrate to the second subunit, the effect is called positive
cooperativity. In negative cooperativity, the binding of a molecule to the first subunit
makes more difficult the binding of substrate to the second.
Define Sequestration - ANS-when toxic substances are deposited or stored in certain
tissues for long periods of time
describe the structure of a cell membrane. - ANS-The cell membrane is made up of
Phosphoglycerides and Fatty Acids. The phosphoglycerides are the polar tails which
are hydrophilic while the fatty acids are the non polar hydrophobic insides
, Descriptive Toxicologist - ANS-an individual involved with assessing the safety of
chemicals with protocols developed by regulatory agencies. They are responsible for
overseeing toxicology studies and ensuring that the toxicity testing is properly
performed.
Detail the mechanistic rationale why the method of treatment for acute cyanide toxicity
is effective. Include in your response the components of the treatment. - ANS-
Differentiate between First-order Pharmacokinetics and Zero-order Pharmacokinetics -
ANS-first-order is the amount absorbed or eliminated is proportional to amount of
chemical present while zero order is a constant amount.
Differentiate, using diagrams if applicable, between individual and population dose-
response relationships - ANS-population are guesses and average while individual is
specific
direct cellular toxicity - ANS-chloroform; Directly damage cell structures; Cell
degeneration, formation of vacoules, accumulation of fat, cell necrosis
direct chemical irritation of tissue - ANS-immediate local effects; ozone irritates the
mucus membranes
Discuss the how anatomical and/or physiological make up of the blood and blood
forming cells make it susceptible to chemical injury. Be sure to include in your answer a
brief overview of the structure and function of the blood and blood forming cells - ANS-
distribution of good and bad things in body;
Draw elimination graphs (concentration versus time) for a typical first-order and a typical
zero-order process. - ANS-first order is linear with blood concentration vs dose of
chemical; zero-order constant elimination over time
Ethanol causes a transient effect called ________________, or fatty liver, in which the
liver increases its lipid content and turns yellowish in color. - ANS-steatosis
Forensic Toxicologist - ANS-concerned with applying techniques of analytical chemistry
to answer medico-legal questions about harmful effects of chemicals.
Give a specific example of a Phase I and a specific example of a Phase II metabolism
reaction (be very specific by including an actual example of a chemical, the enzyme
involved, and the metabolite). - ANS-Phase 1: transformations through oxidation that
add or expose a functional group. Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the reactions.
Aromatic hydroxylation gets catalyze and adds oxygen Phase 2: covalent bond is
formed between groups by the (parent compound or metabolite) and
Give two examples of chemicals that adversely affect the blood - ANS-Cyanide,
Solutions
ADME - ANS-Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Agranulocytosis - ANS-It is a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white
blood cells most often neutrophils. The bone marrow is not able to produce enough.
Aniline is a weak BASE with a pKb of 5. Show how you would predict its absorption
from the stomach (pH 2) and intestine (pH 6) (Note: you may leave your answers in
ratio form, but be sure to state whether absorption will or will not be favored). - ANS-
pKa-pH=log(ionized/nonionized)
Anoxic hypoxia - ANS-hypoxia due to pulmonary mechanisms of oxygenation; may be
due to reduced oxygen supply, respiratory obstruction, reduced pulmonary function, or
inadequate ventilation
ATP - ANS-energy; Adenosine triphosphate it helps with energy transfer and converts
phosphates to ADP or AMP
blockade of hemoglobin oxygen transport - ANS-Carbon monoxide; Hemoglobin is a
blood protein involved in oxygen transport, CO binds to hemoglobin with ~240 times
greater affinity than oxygen, Interferes with oxygen transport
Cooperativity - ANS-a phenomenon in which the shape of one subunit of an enzyme
consisting of several subunits is altered by the substrate (the substance upon which an
enzyme acts to form a product) or some other molecule so as to change the shape of a
neighbouring subunit. The result is that the binding of a second substrate molecule to
the second subunit of the enzyme differs in strength or velocity from that of the first, the
third from the second, and so on. If the change in shape of the first subunit makes
easier the binding of substrate to the second subunit, the effect is called positive
cooperativity. In negative cooperativity, the binding of a molecule to the first subunit
makes more difficult the binding of substrate to the second.
Define Sequestration - ANS-when toxic substances are deposited or stored in certain
tissues for long periods of time
describe the structure of a cell membrane. - ANS-The cell membrane is made up of
Phosphoglycerides and Fatty Acids. The phosphoglycerides are the polar tails which
are hydrophilic while the fatty acids are the non polar hydrophobic insides
, Descriptive Toxicologist - ANS-an individual involved with assessing the safety of
chemicals with protocols developed by regulatory agencies. They are responsible for
overseeing toxicology studies and ensuring that the toxicity testing is properly
performed.
Detail the mechanistic rationale why the method of treatment for acute cyanide toxicity
is effective. Include in your response the components of the treatment. - ANS-
Differentiate between First-order Pharmacokinetics and Zero-order Pharmacokinetics -
ANS-first-order is the amount absorbed or eliminated is proportional to amount of
chemical present while zero order is a constant amount.
Differentiate, using diagrams if applicable, between individual and population dose-
response relationships - ANS-population are guesses and average while individual is
specific
direct cellular toxicity - ANS-chloroform; Directly damage cell structures; Cell
degeneration, formation of vacoules, accumulation of fat, cell necrosis
direct chemical irritation of tissue - ANS-immediate local effects; ozone irritates the
mucus membranes
Discuss the how anatomical and/or physiological make up of the blood and blood
forming cells make it susceptible to chemical injury. Be sure to include in your answer a
brief overview of the structure and function of the blood and blood forming cells - ANS-
distribution of good and bad things in body;
Draw elimination graphs (concentration versus time) for a typical first-order and a typical
zero-order process. - ANS-first order is linear with blood concentration vs dose of
chemical; zero-order constant elimination over time
Ethanol causes a transient effect called ________________, or fatty liver, in which the
liver increases its lipid content and turns yellowish in color. - ANS-steatosis
Forensic Toxicologist - ANS-concerned with applying techniques of analytical chemistry
to answer medico-legal questions about harmful effects of chemicals.
Give a specific example of a Phase I and a specific example of a Phase II metabolism
reaction (be very specific by including an actual example of a chemical, the enzyme
involved, and the metabolite). - ANS-Phase 1: transformations through oxidation that
add or expose a functional group. Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the reactions.
Aromatic hydroxylation gets catalyze and adds oxygen Phase 2: covalent bond is
formed between groups by the (parent compound or metabolite) and
Give two examples of chemicals that adversely affect the blood - ANS-Cyanide,
