Toxicology Final Exam with Complete
Solutions
Gas chromatograph - ANSWER-Separated multiple chemicals in a sample such that
they reach the mass spec detector one at a time
Barbiturate example - ANSWER-Pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital
Benzodiazapines - ANSWER-Diazepam (valium), alprazolam (xanx), lorazepam
Amphetamines - ANSWER-Amphetamine, methamphetamine ("speed"), fenfluramine
(Podimin), methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Cocaine - ANSWER-Procaine (Novocain), lidocaine (Xylocain)
Hallucinogens - ANSWER-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: THC; D-Lysergic acid diethylamide:
LSD
Opiods - ANSWER-Heroin, opium, morphine, codeine
Tolerance - ANSWER-An adaptational state when, after repeated exposure, a given
dose of an agent produces a decreased effect or, conversely, when increasingly larger
doses (increasing LD50) are necessary to obtain the effects observed with the original
dose
Resistance - ANSWER-A change in the genetic constitution of a population in response
to selection by the stressor chemical enables a greater number of individuals to resist
the toxic action than were able to resist it in the unselected population
Sensitivity - ANSWER-A term used by toxicologists to rate or rank the degree to which a
chemical or condition influences different organisms
Slower - ANSWER-The rate of absorption of (non-actively transported) ionized
substances tends to be ______ because they are hydrophilic than for nonionized
drugs/poisons
Weak - ANSWER-Most drugs/poisons are ____ acids or bases
MPTP - ANSWER-A neurotoxin that produces a disorder in primates that is similar to
Parkinson's disease
, HH equation - ANSWER-pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
pKa - ANSWER-The negative logarithm of the equilibrium coefficient of the neutral and
charged forms of a compound
1 - ANSWER-Charge for bases
-1 - ANSWER-Charge for acids
Same - ANSWER-At equilibrium the relative concentration of unionized drug is _____ in
all compartments
Barbiturates - ANSWER-Short-acting drugs; not widely used any more; sedatives or
"downers"; produce coma, death
Sedative-hypnotic - ANSWER-What kind of drug are barbiturates considered to be?
Sedative - ANSWER-Reduce anxiety with little or no effect on motor or mental functions
Hypnotic - ANSWER-Produces drowsiness and encourages onset of sleep; pronounced
depression of CNS function
Clinical use of barbiturates - ANSWER-Anxiety states; insomnia; sedation/amnesia
before surgery; epilepsy and seizures; muscle relaxation for neuromuscular disorders
Increase GABA; synaptic inhibition - ANSWER-Mechanism of action of barbiturates
Severe emotional disorders - ANSWER-Individuals with _____ are likely to use
barbiturates
Immunoassay, GCMS, LC-UV - ANSWER-Common analytical techniques for
barbiturates
Catecholamines - ANSWER-Epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine
Indolamines - ANSWER-Tryptophan, serotonin
Biogenic amine hypothesis - ANSWER-Abnormalities in the biogenic amines, especially
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are involved in depression
MAOA - ANSWER-Enzyme involved in the metabolism of monoamines
MAOB - ANSWER-Enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine; results in greater
stores available for release
Solutions
Gas chromatograph - ANSWER-Separated multiple chemicals in a sample such that
they reach the mass spec detector one at a time
Barbiturate example - ANSWER-Pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital
Benzodiazapines - ANSWER-Diazepam (valium), alprazolam (xanx), lorazepam
Amphetamines - ANSWER-Amphetamine, methamphetamine ("speed"), fenfluramine
(Podimin), methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Cocaine - ANSWER-Procaine (Novocain), lidocaine (Xylocain)
Hallucinogens - ANSWER-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: THC; D-Lysergic acid diethylamide:
LSD
Opiods - ANSWER-Heroin, opium, morphine, codeine
Tolerance - ANSWER-An adaptational state when, after repeated exposure, a given
dose of an agent produces a decreased effect or, conversely, when increasingly larger
doses (increasing LD50) are necessary to obtain the effects observed with the original
dose
Resistance - ANSWER-A change in the genetic constitution of a population in response
to selection by the stressor chemical enables a greater number of individuals to resist
the toxic action than were able to resist it in the unselected population
Sensitivity - ANSWER-A term used by toxicologists to rate or rank the degree to which a
chemical or condition influences different organisms
Slower - ANSWER-The rate of absorption of (non-actively transported) ionized
substances tends to be ______ because they are hydrophilic than for nonionized
drugs/poisons
Weak - ANSWER-Most drugs/poisons are ____ acids or bases
MPTP - ANSWER-A neurotoxin that produces a disorder in primates that is similar to
Parkinson's disease
, HH equation - ANSWER-pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
pKa - ANSWER-The negative logarithm of the equilibrium coefficient of the neutral and
charged forms of a compound
1 - ANSWER-Charge for bases
-1 - ANSWER-Charge for acids
Same - ANSWER-At equilibrium the relative concentration of unionized drug is _____ in
all compartments
Barbiturates - ANSWER-Short-acting drugs; not widely used any more; sedatives or
"downers"; produce coma, death
Sedative-hypnotic - ANSWER-What kind of drug are barbiturates considered to be?
Sedative - ANSWER-Reduce anxiety with little or no effect on motor or mental functions
Hypnotic - ANSWER-Produces drowsiness and encourages onset of sleep; pronounced
depression of CNS function
Clinical use of barbiturates - ANSWER-Anxiety states; insomnia; sedation/amnesia
before surgery; epilepsy and seizures; muscle relaxation for neuromuscular disorders
Increase GABA; synaptic inhibition - ANSWER-Mechanism of action of barbiturates
Severe emotional disorders - ANSWER-Individuals with _____ are likely to use
barbiturates
Immunoassay, GCMS, LC-UV - ANSWER-Common analytical techniques for
barbiturates
Catecholamines - ANSWER-Epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine
Indolamines - ANSWER-Tryptophan, serotonin
Biogenic amine hypothesis - ANSWER-Abnormalities in the biogenic amines, especially
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are involved in depression
MAOA - ANSWER-Enzyme involved in the metabolism of monoamines
MAOB - ANSWER-Enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine; results in greater
stores available for release
