Indian Economic
Development
T.R. Jain Dr. V.K. Ohri
Former Principal Associate Professor(Retd.)
S.A. Jain College Shyam Lal College
Ambala City (Delhi University), Delhi
Class XII
�Global
Publications Pvt. ltd.
,Printing History: Edition: 2020-21
Syllabus Covered: Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Medium: ENGLISH (Hindi medium is also available)
Price: Three Hundred Sixty Rupees (� 360/-)
ISBN: 978-93-89452-94-5
© Copyright Reserved by the Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without written
permission from the publishers.
Published By: VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Regd. Office:
4323/3, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
Ph: 91-11-23250105, 23250106 Fax: 91-11-23250141
Corporate Office:
15/1, Main Mathura Road, Faridabad (NCR)
Haryana-121003
Phone: 0129-7117719-48 lines, Fax: 0129-2250322
Email:
www.vkpublications.com
Printed At: Rave Scans Pvt. Ltd.
TrademarkAcknowledgements:
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or
registered trademarks oftheir respective owners. VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd. is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this publication. In spite of this, some
errors might have crept in. Any mistake, error or discrepancy noted may be brought to our notice
which shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publishers nor the
author or seller will be responsible for any damage or loss of action to anyone, of any kind, in any
manner, therefrom. For binding mistakes, misprints or for missing pages, etc. the publisher's
liability is limited to replacement within one month of purchase by similar edition. All expenses in
this connection are to be home by the purchaser.
,Contents
Indian Economic Development
1. Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence..............3
2. Five Year Plans in India:
Goals and Achievements ..............................31
3. Features, Problems and Policies of Agriculture............59
4. Strategy of Industrial Growth (1947 -1990) ...............83
5. India's Foreign Trade .................................99
6. Economic Reforms Since 1991 or
New Economic Policy ................................117
7. Poverty ............................................145
8. Human Capital Formation in India ....................171
9. Rural Development ..................................195
10. Employment and Unemployment ......................221
11. Infrastructure .......................................259
12. Environment and Sustainable Development .............289
13. Development Experience of India, Pakistan and
China-A Comparative Study ........................315
• Project Work
• CBSE Sample Question Paper, 2020 (Solved)
, Syllabus
Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Economics
Class-XII
Paper One 3 Hours Theory: 80 Marks
Project: 20 Marks
Units Periods Marks
Part-A: Introductory Macroeconomics
1. National Income and Related Aggregates 28 10
2. Money and Banking 15 06
3. Determination of Income and Employment 27 12
4. Government Budget and the Economy 15 06
5. Balance of Payments 15 06
100 40
Part-B: Indian Economic Development
6. Development Experience (1947-90)
and Economic Reforms since 1991 28 12
7. Current Challenges facing Indian Economy 60 22
8. Development Experience oflndia
A Comparison with Neighbours 12 06
100 40
Part-C: Project Work 20 20
PART-A: INTRODUCTORY MACROECONOMICS
Unit-1: National Income and Related Aggregates (28 Periods)
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final
goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and
depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National
Income-Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income
method.
Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net
Development
T.R. Jain Dr. V.K. Ohri
Former Principal Associate Professor(Retd.)
S.A. Jain College Shyam Lal College
Ambala City (Delhi University), Delhi
Class XII
�Global
Publications Pvt. ltd.
,Printing History: Edition: 2020-21
Syllabus Covered: Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Medium: ENGLISH (Hindi medium is also available)
Price: Three Hundred Sixty Rupees (� 360/-)
ISBN: 978-93-89452-94-5
© Copyright Reserved by the Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without written
permission from the publishers.
Published By: VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Regd. Office:
4323/3, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
Ph: 91-11-23250105, 23250106 Fax: 91-11-23250141
Corporate Office:
15/1, Main Mathura Road, Faridabad (NCR)
Haryana-121003
Phone: 0129-7117719-48 lines, Fax: 0129-2250322
Email:
www.vkpublications.com
Printed At: Rave Scans Pvt. Ltd.
TrademarkAcknowledgements:
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or
registered trademarks oftheir respective owners. VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd. is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this publication. In spite of this, some
errors might have crept in. Any mistake, error or discrepancy noted may be brought to our notice
which shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publishers nor the
author or seller will be responsible for any damage or loss of action to anyone, of any kind, in any
manner, therefrom. For binding mistakes, misprints or for missing pages, etc. the publisher's
liability is limited to replacement within one month of purchase by similar edition. All expenses in
this connection are to be home by the purchaser.
,Contents
Indian Economic Development
1. Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence..............3
2. Five Year Plans in India:
Goals and Achievements ..............................31
3. Features, Problems and Policies of Agriculture............59
4. Strategy of Industrial Growth (1947 -1990) ...............83
5. India's Foreign Trade .................................99
6. Economic Reforms Since 1991 or
New Economic Policy ................................117
7. Poverty ............................................145
8. Human Capital Formation in India ....................171
9. Rural Development ..................................195
10. Employment and Unemployment ......................221
11. Infrastructure .......................................259
12. Environment and Sustainable Development .............289
13. Development Experience of India, Pakistan and
China-A Comparative Study ........................315
• Project Work
• CBSE Sample Question Paper, 2020 (Solved)
, Syllabus
Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Economics
Class-XII
Paper One 3 Hours Theory: 80 Marks
Project: 20 Marks
Units Periods Marks
Part-A: Introductory Macroeconomics
1. National Income and Related Aggregates 28 10
2. Money and Banking 15 06
3. Determination of Income and Employment 27 12
4. Government Budget and the Economy 15 06
5. Balance of Payments 15 06
100 40
Part-B: Indian Economic Development
6. Development Experience (1947-90)
and Economic Reforms since 1991 28 12
7. Current Challenges facing Indian Economy 60 22
8. Development Experience oflndia
A Comparison with Neighbours 12 06
100 40
Part-C: Project Work 20 20
PART-A: INTRODUCTORY MACROECONOMICS
Unit-1: National Income and Related Aggregates (28 Periods)
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final
goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and
depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National
Income-Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income
method.
Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net
