(VERSION A, TEST SCORE 94%) RESP 3220 - Advanced
Diagnostic Monitoring Units 1-4 ELOS
IRV - Inspiratory Reserve
What are the 4 volumes within the Volume VT - Tidal Volume
Total Lung Capacity? ERV - Expiratory Reserve
Volume RV - Residual
Volume
What are the 2 capacities within the IC - Inspiratory Capacity
Total Lung Capacity? FRC - Functional Residual Capacity
IRV - Inspiratory Reserve
What are the three volumes that
Volume VT - Tidal Volume
makeup the Vital Capacity?
ERV - Expiratory Reserve Volume
What is the capacity and volume that FRC & RV are increased due to hyperinflation and air trapping
is increased during obstruction?
Open-Circuit Multiple Breath Nitrogen
What are the three methods to
Washout Closed-Circuit Multiple Breath
directly measure FRC and indirectly
Helium Dilution Plethysmography (Body
RV?
Box)
what values would indicate a (Less than ) < 80% = Restriction
restricted TLC & an increased TLC? (Greater than) > 120% = Hyperinflation & COPD
Is the % of TLC that cannot be exhaled (RV).
What is RV/TLC ratio? - is normal in restricted PT but everything else is
reduced. (Use predicted values to know what is
"normal" for PT)
The absolute volume of gas in the thorax at any point in time and any
level of alveolar pressure.
What is VTG? - Usually measured at the end-expiratory level and is then equal to FRC
but may be measured at others lungs volumes and corrected to relate
to FRC.
(If VTG is substantially higher than He dilution FRC, think severe
obstruction is present)
, Determines FRC by equilibrating the gas in lungs w known volume of gas
containing helium.
What is the Helium Dilution study? - The PT rebreathes the gas w a CO2 absorber and a desiccant in
place until He concentration falls to a stable level.
- O2 is added to the spirometer system ti maintain an FiO2 near of above
21%, while keeping the system volume relatively constant.
- PTs breaths 100% O2 for several minutes
- At start of test, N2 concentration in lungs = 75-80%
- At the end of the test, the N2 concentration in lungs = 1.5%
What is the Nitrogen Washout study?
- Initial N2 concentration, the amount of N2 washed out and the
final N2 concentration are measured and used to calculate the FRC
(amount of air in the lungs at the start of the test)
For each min of 100% O2 breathing About 30-40 ml of N2 is removed from blood and tissues
during N2 washout, how much N2 is
removed ?
What does it mean when N2 End of the test, N2 has been washed out.
concentration falls to 1.5% for 3
consecutive breaths?
How can you obtain the RV during/ ERV is measured immediately after acquisition of the FRC as a "Linked"
immediately after N2 washout? Maneuver and is subtracted from the FRC.
Older systems = test terminated at 7 mins
Test termination on older systems vs.
Current systems = O2 breathing should go until N2 falls to less than 1.5%
currently?
for atleast 3 consecutive breaths.
In a healthy PT, the graph = a continuous decrease in end-tidal N2
concentration. (Up & down lines getting shorter & shorter)
What happens on a graph when
performing the N2 washout test and
When a leak occurs = a continuous decrease in end-tidal N2
N2 begins to rise?
concentration but an abrupt increase in N2 will be seen (Up & down
lines getting shorter & shorter and a sudden larger spike)
What is the gas law that body Boyle's law = volume of gas varies inversely proportional to the
plethysmography is based on? pressure.. if the temp remains constant.
The resistance to flow offered by the peripheral circulation that must be
overcome to push blood through the circulatory system.
What is systemic vascular resistance?
SVR = (MAP - CVP) x 80 / Cardiac Output
Normal = 11.25-17.5 mmHg/L/min or 900-1400 dynes-sec/cm^5
(Qt or CO) The Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1
minute Qt or CO = SV x HR
What is cardiac output?
Normal = 5 L/min (4-8 L/min)
- Pathological condition which results when the alveoli of the lungs are
perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation fails to supply the
What is intrapulmonary shunt? perfused region
- V/Q ratio is 0
- Occurs when alveoli fill with/ fluid = parts of the lung are
unventilated but still getting perfusion.
Diagnostic Monitoring Units 1-4 ELOS
IRV - Inspiratory Reserve
What are the 4 volumes within the Volume VT - Tidal Volume
Total Lung Capacity? ERV - Expiratory Reserve
Volume RV - Residual
Volume
What are the 2 capacities within the IC - Inspiratory Capacity
Total Lung Capacity? FRC - Functional Residual Capacity
IRV - Inspiratory Reserve
What are the three volumes that
Volume VT - Tidal Volume
makeup the Vital Capacity?
ERV - Expiratory Reserve Volume
What is the capacity and volume that FRC & RV are increased due to hyperinflation and air trapping
is increased during obstruction?
Open-Circuit Multiple Breath Nitrogen
What are the three methods to
Washout Closed-Circuit Multiple Breath
directly measure FRC and indirectly
Helium Dilution Plethysmography (Body
RV?
Box)
what values would indicate a (Less than ) < 80% = Restriction
restricted TLC & an increased TLC? (Greater than) > 120% = Hyperinflation & COPD
Is the % of TLC that cannot be exhaled (RV).
What is RV/TLC ratio? - is normal in restricted PT but everything else is
reduced. (Use predicted values to know what is
"normal" for PT)
The absolute volume of gas in the thorax at any point in time and any
level of alveolar pressure.
What is VTG? - Usually measured at the end-expiratory level and is then equal to FRC
but may be measured at others lungs volumes and corrected to relate
to FRC.
(If VTG is substantially higher than He dilution FRC, think severe
obstruction is present)
, Determines FRC by equilibrating the gas in lungs w known volume of gas
containing helium.
What is the Helium Dilution study? - The PT rebreathes the gas w a CO2 absorber and a desiccant in
place until He concentration falls to a stable level.
- O2 is added to the spirometer system ti maintain an FiO2 near of above
21%, while keeping the system volume relatively constant.
- PTs breaths 100% O2 for several minutes
- At start of test, N2 concentration in lungs = 75-80%
- At the end of the test, the N2 concentration in lungs = 1.5%
What is the Nitrogen Washout study?
- Initial N2 concentration, the amount of N2 washed out and the
final N2 concentration are measured and used to calculate the FRC
(amount of air in the lungs at the start of the test)
For each min of 100% O2 breathing About 30-40 ml of N2 is removed from blood and tissues
during N2 washout, how much N2 is
removed ?
What does it mean when N2 End of the test, N2 has been washed out.
concentration falls to 1.5% for 3
consecutive breaths?
How can you obtain the RV during/ ERV is measured immediately after acquisition of the FRC as a "Linked"
immediately after N2 washout? Maneuver and is subtracted from the FRC.
Older systems = test terminated at 7 mins
Test termination on older systems vs.
Current systems = O2 breathing should go until N2 falls to less than 1.5%
currently?
for atleast 3 consecutive breaths.
In a healthy PT, the graph = a continuous decrease in end-tidal N2
concentration. (Up & down lines getting shorter & shorter)
What happens on a graph when
performing the N2 washout test and
When a leak occurs = a continuous decrease in end-tidal N2
N2 begins to rise?
concentration but an abrupt increase in N2 will be seen (Up & down
lines getting shorter & shorter and a sudden larger spike)
What is the gas law that body Boyle's law = volume of gas varies inversely proportional to the
plethysmography is based on? pressure.. if the temp remains constant.
The resistance to flow offered by the peripheral circulation that must be
overcome to push blood through the circulatory system.
What is systemic vascular resistance?
SVR = (MAP - CVP) x 80 / Cardiac Output
Normal = 11.25-17.5 mmHg/L/min or 900-1400 dynes-sec/cm^5
(Qt or CO) The Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1
minute Qt or CO = SV x HR
What is cardiac output?
Normal = 5 L/min (4-8 L/min)
- Pathological condition which results when the alveoli of the lungs are
perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation fails to supply the
What is intrapulmonary shunt? perfused region
- V/Q ratio is 0
- Occurs when alveoli fill with/ fluid = parts of the lung are
unventilated but still getting perfusion.
