ANSC 221 FINAL EXAM UIUC QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Rudolf Virchow - Answers -First introduced cell theory
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - Answers -2D image
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Answers -3D image
Membrane-bound organelles and compartmentalization - Answers -What do
eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't?
Proteome - Answers -Determines cell structure and function; which and how many
proteins to produce
Translation - Answers -Information from gene sequence translated polypeptide
tRNA - Answers -brings amino acids to ribosome
mRNA - Answers -brings information to make polypeptide to ribosome
Cytosol - Answers -outside organelles but inside plasma membrane
Cytoplasm - Answers -everything inside plasma membrane
Catabolism - Answers -molecules broken down
Anabolism - Answers -synthesis of molecules
Cytoskeleton - Answers -gives cell structure
Endomembrane system - Answers -Set of Membranes that form a single, functional,
and developmental unit
Nuclear Envelope - Answers -membrane enclosing nucleus
Nucleus - Answers -where genetic material is stored
chromatin - Answers -combination of DNA and proteins (histones)
Rough ER - Answers -embedded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
Smooth ER - Answers -Lacks ribosomes; lipid synthesis and detoxification
,Golgi - Answers -Secretion, processing, and protein sorting
Lysosome - Answers -Breakdown; autophagy
Plasma membrane - Answers -Cell signaling, cell adhesion, transport in and out of cell
Peroxisome - Answers -detoxification
Ribosome - Answers -protein synthesis
Vesicle - Answers -membrane bound container; transport
centriole - Answers -part of centrosome
Mitochondria and chloroplasts - Answers -semi-autonomous organelles
Information, transmission, replication, variation - Answers -4 criteria of genetic material
Nucleotide - Answers -composed of base, sugar, and phosphate group
Nucleoside - Answers -composed of base and sugar
Double helix - Answers -form of DNA
Nucleotides are linked ______ by ________ bonds - Answers -covalently;
phosphodiester
Directionality of DNA - Answers -5' to 3'
Backbone of DNA - Answers -phosphate and sugar
helix is _____handed - Answers -right
Transcription factor - Answers -recognize the promoter and regulatory sequences to
control transcription
Structural genes - Answers -encode proteins
Core promoter - Answers -Consists of the TATA box and Transcriptional start site
Regulatory elements - Answers -are short DNA sequences that affect the binding of
RNA polymerase to the promoter
enhancers - Answers -stimulate transcription
silencers - Answers -inhibit transcription
, capping, polyA tailing, splicing - Answers -Ways RNA can be modified
degenerate - Answers -More than one codon for 1 amino acid
4 levels of protein structure - Answers -Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
2 functions of RNA - Answers -Recognizing a 3-base codon in mRNA
Carrying amino acid specific to that codon
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases - Answers -Enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs
ribosome - Answers -where translation occurs
3 stages of translation - Answers -Initiation, Elongation, Termination
DNA methylation - Answers -a change in chromatin structure that silences gene
expression
spliceosome - Answers -recognizes the 5' and 3' splice sites and removes the
intervening intron
Regulatory Secretory pathway - Answers -ER-vesicle-golgi-vesicle-secretion
Framework of cell membrane - Answers -phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic tail portion of phospholipids face - Answers -in
Hydrophilic, polar, heads of phospholipids face - Answers -out
Membrane is a mosaic of - Answers -lipids, proteins, and carbohydates
Protein permanently attached to membrane - Answers -Integral protein
physically embedded in cell membrane - Answers -Transmembrane Protein
covalently attached to amino acid side chain with a protein - Answers -lipid-anchored
protein
noncovalently bound to portions of transmembrane proteins or polar heads of
phospholipids - Answers -Peripheral protein
Synthesis of membrane proteins occurs in - Answers -smooth ER
Secretory pathway used to transport - Answers -membrane proteins
ANSWERS
Rudolf Virchow - Answers -First introduced cell theory
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - Answers -2D image
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Answers -3D image
Membrane-bound organelles and compartmentalization - Answers -What do
eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't?
Proteome - Answers -Determines cell structure and function; which and how many
proteins to produce
Translation - Answers -Information from gene sequence translated polypeptide
tRNA - Answers -brings amino acids to ribosome
mRNA - Answers -brings information to make polypeptide to ribosome
Cytosol - Answers -outside organelles but inside plasma membrane
Cytoplasm - Answers -everything inside plasma membrane
Catabolism - Answers -molecules broken down
Anabolism - Answers -synthesis of molecules
Cytoskeleton - Answers -gives cell structure
Endomembrane system - Answers -Set of Membranes that form a single, functional,
and developmental unit
Nuclear Envelope - Answers -membrane enclosing nucleus
Nucleus - Answers -where genetic material is stored
chromatin - Answers -combination of DNA and proteins (histones)
Rough ER - Answers -embedded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
Smooth ER - Answers -Lacks ribosomes; lipid synthesis and detoxification
,Golgi - Answers -Secretion, processing, and protein sorting
Lysosome - Answers -Breakdown; autophagy
Plasma membrane - Answers -Cell signaling, cell adhesion, transport in and out of cell
Peroxisome - Answers -detoxification
Ribosome - Answers -protein synthesis
Vesicle - Answers -membrane bound container; transport
centriole - Answers -part of centrosome
Mitochondria and chloroplasts - Answers -semi-autonomous organelles
Information, transmission, replication, variation - Answers -4 criteria of genetic material
Nucleotide - Answers -composed of base, sugar, and phosphate group
Nucleoside - Answers -composed of base and sugar
Double helix - Answers -form of DNA
Nucleotides are linked ______ by ________ bonds - Answers -covalently;
phosphodiester
Directionality of DNA - Answers -5' to 3'
Backbone of DNA - Answers -phosphate and sugar
helix is _____handed - Answers -right
Transcription factor - Answers -recognize the promoter and regulatory sequences to
control transcription
Structural genes - Answers -encode proteins
Core promoter - Answers -Consists of the TATA box and Transcriptional start site
Regulatory elements - Answers -are short DNA sequences that affect the binding of
RNA polymerase to the promoter
enhancers - Answers -stimulate transcription
silencers - Answers -inhibit transcription
, capping, polyA tailing, splicing - Answers -Ways RNA can be modified
degenerate - Answers -More than one codon for 1 amino acid
4 levels of protein structure - Answers -Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
2 functions of RNA - Answers -Recognizing a 3-base codon in mRNA
Carrying amino acid specific to that codon
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases - Answers -Enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs
ribosome - Answers -where translation occurs
3 stages of translation - Answers -Initiation, Elongation, Termination
DNA methylation - Answers -a change in chromatin structure that silences gene
expression
spliceosome - Answers -recognizes the 5' and 3' splice sites and removes the
intervening intron
Regulatory Secretory pathway - Answers -ER-vesicle-golgi-vesicle-secretion
Framework of cell membrane - Answers -phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic tail portion of phospholipids face - Answers -in
Hydrophilic, polar, heads of phospholipids face - Answers -out
Membrane is a mosaic of - Answers -lipids, proteins, and carbohydates
Protein permanently attached to membrane - Answers -Integral protein
physically embedded in cell membrane - Answers -Transmembrane Protein
covalently attached to amino acid side chain with a protein - Answers -lipid-anchored
protein
noncovalently bound to portions of transmembrane proteins or polar heads of
phospholipids - Answers -Peripheral protein
Synthesis of membrane proteins occurs in - Answers -smooth ER
Secretory pathway used to transport - Answers -membrane proteins
