ANSC 221 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and
disadvantages of each. - Answers -Grasses are mainly a source of Energy and
legumes a source of protein. Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria
which allows it to utilize N from the air and turn it into ammonia. Legumes also improve
soil fertility, are high in Ca, Vit a, P and trace minerals. high yield of palatable feed/acre
possible. Often there can be a problem with bloat. Grasses have the ability to grow in
most environments, stand being trampled on more, tolerant of grazing, prevent erosion,
better root structure. low in mineral and vitamin content, might be sufficient though for
many animals. Often palatable when immature. Loose a lot of protein/digestability when
they mature.
What are the common grass forages? - Answers -Kentucky blue grass, tall fescue,
timothy, perennial rye grass, Indian grass, big bluestem, little blue stem, side oats
grama, switch grass
what are the common legume forages? - Answers -Alfala, red clover, crown vetch,
sweetclover, white dutch clover, birdsfoot trefoil
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding
how they are made? - Answers -Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten
by grazing.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation
Hay: dried
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?
What additives might you add to silage and why? - Answers -Acid formed to alt the
microbial activity and be preserved. Most important factor is keeping it oxygen free.
Additives might help in the fermentation process. So if the silage wont ferment well...
generally add microbial cultures
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? - Answers -NDF is
neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates
bulkiness of feed.
ADH is acid detergent fiber and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility
(has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility)
What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and
how? - Answers -Species of plant, maturity, soil fertility, processing method, storage,
feeding
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient
, requirements, levels in between? - Answers -Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy
and/or lactating have the highest requirements
CORN - Answers -(or wheat, barley, milo)- high E feed, low protein. Used to boost
energy good for: Dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves...
SBM - Answers -(cottenseed, peanut, linseed...)- protein supplement but also high in E.
can be used for any animal to meet protein needs.
High Quality Forage - Answers -for animals that need good quality feeds that are
palatable and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are
legumes.
Low quality Forages - Answers -mature grass hays, feed to animals with low
requirement (just for maintantance)
Corn Silage- - Answers -high in E low in Protien and Ca and other minterals, feed to
ruminants that need high E like dairy coes and beef cows in the winter. Often need to
limit feeds.
Pastures- - Answers -grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef
cattle, sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing
calves. Not good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or
steers for finishing
Crop residue feeds- - Answers -low quality, low protein, and low E... used to meet part
of ruminant feed needs, but not for high producing. Only good for sheep and cattle in
early or mid gestation.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? - Answers -
Amount they can eat and pellet size.
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? - Answers -? They are true
carnivors. They have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of AA meabolism
and therefore have a higher protein requirement. They do not synthesize niacin from
tryptophan, cannot convert cerotene to Vit A so cannot get it from plants.
What special feeds are used in dog foods and why? eg, why tomato pomice? -
Answers -Tomato pomice is added for the pectins it contains which have water holding
capacity to help maintain constant feces
What things in feeds are especially toxic to cats? - Answers -Benzoic acid
Why do cats have such a high protein requirement? - Answers -Because they have a
limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acid metabolism. Meaning they
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and
disadvantages of each. - Answers -Grasses are mainly a source of Energy and
legumes a source of protein. Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria
which allows it to utilize N from the air and turn it into ammonia. Legumes also improve
soil fertility, are high in Ca, Vit a, P and trace minerals. high yield of palatable feed/acre
possible. Often there can be a problem with bloat. Grasses have the ability to grow in
most environments, stand being trampled on more, tolerant of grazing, prevent erosion,
better root structure. low in mineral and vitamin content, might be sufficient though for
many animals. Often palatable when immature. Loose a lot of protein/digestability when
they mature.
What are the common grass forages? - Answers -Kentucky blue grass, tall fescue,
timothy, perennial rye grass, Indian grass, big bluestem, little blue stem, side oats
grama, switch grass
what are the common legume forages? - Answers -Alfala, red clover, crown vetch,
sweetclover, white dutch clover, birdsfoot trefoil
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding
how they are made? - Answers -Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten
by grazing.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation
Hay: dried
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?
What additives might you add to silage and why? - Answers -Acid formed to alt the
microbial activity and be preserved. Most important factor is keeping it oxygen free.
Additives might help in the fermentation process. So if the silage wont ferment well...
generally add microbial cultures
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? - Answers -NDF is
neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates
bulkiness of feed.
ADH is acid detergent fiber and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility
(has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility)
What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and
how? - Answers -Species of plant, maturity, soil fertility, processing method, storage,
feeding
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient
, requirements, levels in between? - Answers -Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy
and/or lactating have the highest requirements
CORN - Answers -(or wheat, barley, milo)- high E feed, low protein. Used to boost
energy good for: Dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves...
SBM - Answers -(cottenseed, peanut, linseed...)- protein supplement but also high in E.
can be used for any animal to meet protein needs.
High Quality Forage - Answers -for animals that need good quality feeds that are
palatable and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are
legumes.
Low quality Forages - Answers -mature grass hays, feed to animals with low
requirement (just for maintantance)
Corn Silage- - Answers -high in E low in Protien and Ca and other minterals, feed to
ruminants that need high E like dairy coes and beef cows in the winter. Often need to
limit feeds.
Pastures- - Answers -grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef
cattle, sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing
calves. Not good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or
steers for finishing
Crop residue feeds- - Answers -low quality, low protein, and low E... used to meet part
of ruminant feed needs, but not for high producing. Only good for sheep and cattle in
early or mid gestation.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? - Answers -
Amount they can eat and pellet size.
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? - Answers -? They are true
carnivors. They have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of AA meabolism
and therefore have a higher protein requirement. They do not synthesize niacin from
tryptophan, cannot convert cerotene to Vit A so cannot get it from plants.
What special feeds are used in dog foods and why? eg, why tomato pomice? -
Answers -Tomato pomice is added for the pectins it contains which have water holding
capacity to help maintain constant feces
What things in feeds are especially toxic to cats? - Answers -Benzoic acid
Why do cats have such a high protein requirement? - Answers -Because they have a
limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acid metabolism. Meaning they
