NR 566 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY EXAM |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS
PLUS RATIONALES | EXAM ALREADY GRADED A+ |
LATEST EXAM
1. Which antihypertensive class works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II?
A) Beta-blockers
B) ACE inhibitors
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: B – ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, reducing
vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.
2. A patient is prescribed furosemide for heart failure. What electrolyte imbalance is most
commonly monitored?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
Answer: B – Loop diuretics like furosemide can cause potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia.
3. Which drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression?
A) Amitriptyline
B) Sertraline
C) Phenelzine
D) Lithium
Answer: B – Sertraline selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonergic activity in
the CNS.
4. Which insulin type has the fastest onset of action?
A) Regular insulin
B) NPH insulin
C) Insulin lispro
D) Insulin glargine
,Answer: C – Insulin lispro is rapid-acting, with an onset of 15 minutes, used for postprandial
glucose control.
5. A patient receiving warfarin should avoid which vitamin-rich food to prevent interference
with anticoagulation?
A) Citrus fruits
B) Leafy green vegetables
C) Dairy products
D) Whole grains
Answer: B – Vitamin K in leafy greens can reduce warfarin effectiveness.
6. Which chemotherapeutic agent works by cross-linking DNA strands, preventing
replication?
A) Cyclophosphamide
B) Methotrexate
C) Vincristine
D) Doxorubicin
Answer: A – Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that forms DNA cross-links, inhibiting cell
division.
7. Morphine primarily acts on which type of receptor to provide analgesia?
A) NMDA receptor
B) Mu-opioid receptor
C) GABA receptor
D) Dopamine receptor
Answer: B – Morphine binds mu-opioid receptors, producing analgesia, sedation, and euphoria.
8. Which drug is first-line therapy for hypothyroidism?
A) Propylthiouracil
B) Levothyroxine
C) Methimazole
D) Liothyronine
Answer: B – Levothyroxine is synthetic T4, used to replace deficient thyroid hormone.
9. A patient develops a cough after starting an ACE inhibitor. What is the recommended
next step?
,A) Continue the drug
B) Switch to an ARB
C) Add a beta-blocker
D) Discontinue all antihypertensives
Answer: B – ARBs do not increase bradykinin and are recommended if ACE inhibitors cause
cough.
10. Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding
proteins?
A) Vancomycin
B) Penicillin
C) Tetracycline
D) Erythromycin
Answer: B – Penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell walls.
11. What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
A) Naloxone
B) Atropine
C) N-acetylcysteine
D) Flumazenil
Answer: C – N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione and detoxifies NAPQI, the toxic
metabolite.
12. Which drug class is most commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension in elderly
patients?
A) ACE inhibitors
B) Alpha-1 blockers
C) Beta-blockers
D) Calcium channel blockers
Answer: B – Alpha-1 blockers cause vasodilation, increasing risk of orthostatic hypotension.
13. A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is its primary mechanism?
A) Stimulates insulin secretion
B) Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
C) Delays carbohydrate absorption
D) Activates PPAR-gamma
Answer: B – Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, improving insulin sensitivity.
, 14. Which chemotherapy side effect is dose-limiting for vincristine?
A) Nephrotoxicity
B) Peripheral neuropathy
C) Myelosuppression
D) Cardiotoxicity
Answer: B – Vincristine can cause neuropathy due to microtubule disruption in neurons.
15. Which benzodiazepine is preferred for elderly patients with insomnia due to shorter half-
life?
A) Diazepam
B) Lorazepam
C) Flurazepam
D) Clonazepam
Answer: B – Lorazepam has intermediate duration and less accumulation in elderly patients.
16. Which antihypertensive is contraindicated in pregnancy?
A) Methyldopa
B) Labetalol
C) ACE inhibitors
D) Nifedipine
Answer: C – ACE inhibitors can cause fetal renal malformations.
17. What is the main adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
A) Hepatotoxicity
B) Nephrotoxicity
C) Myelosuppression
D) Hypotension
Answer: B – Aminoglycosides can cause dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
18. Which class of drugs is used as first-line therapy in chronic heart failure with reduced
ejection fraction?
A) Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors
B) Loop diuretics alone
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) ARBs only
Answer: A – Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors improve morbidity and mortality in HFrEF.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS
PLUS RATIONALES | EXAM ALREADY GRADED A+ |
LATEST EXAM
1. Which antihypertensive class works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II?
A) Beta-blockers
B) ACE inhibitors
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: B – ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, reducing
vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.
2. A patient is prescribed furosemide for heart failure. What electrolyte imbalance is most
commonly monitored?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
Answer: B – Loop diuretics like furosemide can cause potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia.
3. Which drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression?
A) Amitriptyline
B) Sertraline
C) Phenelzine
D) Lithium
Answer: B – Sertraline selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonergic activity in
the CNS.
4. Which insulin type has the fastest onset of action?
A) Regular insulin
B) NPH insulin
C) Insulin lispro
D) Insulin glargine
,Answer: C – Insulin lispro is rapid-acting, with an onset of 15 minutes, used for postprandial
glucose control.
5. A patient receiving warfarin should avoid which vitamin-rich food to prevent interference
with anticoagulation?
A) Citrus fruits
B) Leafy green vegetables
C) Dairy products
D) Whole grains
Answer: B – Vitamin K in leafy greens can reduce warfarin effectiveness.
6. Which chemotherapeutic agent works by cross-linking DNA strands, preventing
replication?
A) Cyclophosphamide
B) Methotrexate
C) Vincristine
D) Doxorubicin
Answer: A – Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that forms DNA cross-links, inhibiting cell
division.
7. Morphine primarily acts on which type of receptor to provide analgesia?
A) NMDA receptor
B) Mu-opioid receptor
C) GABA receptor
D) Dopamine receptor
Answer: B – Morphine binds mu-opioid receptors, producing analgesia, sedation, and euphoria.
8. Which drug is first-line therapy for hypothyroidism?
A) Propylthiouracil
B) Levothyroxine
C) Methimazole
D) Liothyronine
Answer: B – Levothyroxine is synthetic T4, used to replace deficient thyroid hormone.
9. A patient develops a cough after starting an ACE inhibitor. What is the recommended
next step?
,A) Continue the drug
B) Switch to an ARB
C) Add a beta-blocker
D) Discontinue all antihypertensives
Answer: B – ARBs do not increase bradykinin and are recommended if ACE inhibitors cause
cough.
10. Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding
proteins?
A) Vancomycin
B) Penicillin
C) Tetracycline
D) Erythromycin
Answer: B – Penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell walls.
11. What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
A) Naloxone
B) Atropine
C) N-acetylcysteine
D) Flumazenil
Answer: C – N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione and detoxifies NAPQI, the toxic
metabolite.
12. Which drug class is most commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension in elderly
patients?
A) ACE inhibitors
B) Alpha-1 blockers
C) Beta-blockers
D) Calcium channel blockers
Answer: B – Alpha-1 blockers cause vasodilation, increasing risk of orthostatic hypotension.
13. A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is its primary mechanism?
A) Stimulates insulin secretion
B) Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
C) Delays carbohydrate absorption
D) Activates PPAR-gamma
Answer: B – Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, improving insulin sensitivity.
, 14. Which chemotherapy side effect is dose-limiting for vincristine?
A) Nephrotoxicity
B) Peripheral neuropathy
C) Myelosuppression
D) Cardiotoxicity
Answer: B – Vincristine can cause neuropathy due to microtubule disruption in neurons.
15. Which benzodiazepine is preferred for elderly patients with insomnia due to shorter half-
life?
A) Diazepam
B) Lorazepam
C) Flurazepam
D) Clonazepam
Answer: B – Lorazepam has intermediate duration and less accumulation in elderly patients.
16. Which antihypertensive is contraindicated in pregnancy?
A) Methyldopa
B) Labetalol
C) ACE inhibitors
D) Nifedipine
Answer: C – ACE inhibitors can cause fetal renal malformations.
17. What is the main adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
A) Hepatotoxicity
B) Nephrotoxicity
C) Myelosuppression
D) Hypotension
Answer: B – Aminoglycosides can cause dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
18. Which class of drugs is used as first-line therapy in chronic heart failure with reduced
ejection fraction?
A) Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors
B) Loop diuretics alone
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) ARBs only
Answer: A – Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors improve morbidity and mortality in HFrEF.
