PAT 202 - WEEK 12 (Alterations of
Musculoskeletal Function) Questions and
Answers
Save
Terms in this set (105)
Osteocytes Bone cells
Bone Deposition Bone formation
Bone Resorption Bone breakdown
Specialized cells that are involved in bone formation
Osteoblasts
(deposition)
Specialized cells involved in bone breakdown
Osteoclasts
(resorption)
Break in continuity of a bone
- Occurs when force applied exceeding tensile or
compressive strength of bone
- Fracture incidence varies depending on bone
Fractures involved, age, gender
- Highest incidence of fractures occurs in young
males ages 15-24 and in adults 65 years and older
- Rates of hip and wrist fractures tend to be higher in
females
Fractures are most commonly caused by falls, car
Etiology of Fractures
accidents, and athletic injuries
, - Complete: bone broken all way through
- Incomplete: bone damaged but still in one piece
- Closed or Simple (Complete or incomplete): skin
intact
- Open or Compound (Complete or incomplete): skin
Fracture Classifications
broken
- Comminuted: bone breaks into more than 2
fragments
- Linear: fracture runs parallel to long axis of bone
- Oblique: fracture of shaft of bone is slanted
- Bone mineral content, bone size, bone accrual all
lower = low bone mineral density (BMD)
- Genetic factors
- Poor nutrition (inadequate intake of dietary calcium,
Risk Factors for Fractures:
milk avoidance, excessive consumption of carbonated
Pediatric Population
beverages)
- Lack of weight-bearing physical activity
- Obesity
- Play and sport (exposure to trauma)
- Age
- Gender
- Osteoporosis (fragility fracture)
Risk Factors for Fractures: - Smoking
Older Adults - Alcohol
- Steroids
- Diabetes
- Previous fracture
, - When bone broken --> disrupts periosteum and
blood vessels in cortex, marrow, surrounding soft
tissues
- Bleeding occurs from damaged ends of bone and
from neighboring soft tissue
- Hematoma forms within medullary canal, b/w
fractured ends of bone, and beneath periosteum
- Bone tissue immediately adjacent to fracture dies
- Necrotic tissue and any debris in fracture area
stimulate intense inflammatory response (vasodilation,
exudation of plasma and leukocytes, infiltration by
Pathophysiology of
inflammatory leukocytes and mast cells)
Fractures
- Cytokines, including transforming growth factor-
beta (TGF-B), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),
prostaglandins, and others are released to promote
healing
- Within 48 hours of injury --> vascular tissue invades
fracture area from surrounding soft tissue and marrow
cavity; blood flow to entire bone is decreased
- Osteoblasts and osteoclasts in periosteum,
endosteum, and marrow are activated --> produce
subperiosteal procallus along outer surface of shaft
and over broken ends of bone
Excessive callus forms following fracture
Exuberant Callus - Exuberant callus formation refers to an
Formation overproduction of bone tissue (callus) at the site of a
fracture
Bone is unique; after a fracture, it will heal with normal
tissue NOT scar tissue!
3 Phases of Healing 1) Inflammatory Phase
2) Repair Phase
3) Remodeling Phase
Musculoskeletal Function) Questions and
Answers
Save
Terms in this set (105)
Osteocytes Bone cells
Bone Deposition Bone formation
Bone Resorption Bone breakdown
Specialized cells that are involved in bone formation
Osteoblasts
(deposition)
Specialized cells involved in bone breakdown
Osteoclasts
(resorption)
Break in continuity of a bone
- Occurs when force applied exceeding tensile or
compressive strength of bone
- Fracture incidence varies depending on bone
Fractures involved, age, gender
- Highest incidence of fractures occurs in young
males ages 15-24 and in adults 65 years and older
- Rates of hip and wrist fractures tend to be higher in
females
Fractures are most commonly caused by falls, car
Etiology of Fractures
accidents, and athletic injuries
, - Complete: bone broken all way through
- Incomplete: bone damaged but still in one piece
- Closed or Simple (Complete or incomplete): skin
intact
- Open or Compound (Complete or incomplete): skin
Fracture Classifications
broken
- Comminuted: bone breaks into more than 2
fragments
- Linear: fracture runs parallel to long axis of bone
- Oblique: fracture of shaft of bone is slanted
- Bone mineral content, bone size, bone accrual all
lower = low bone mineral density (BMD)
- Genetic factors
- Poor nutrition (inadequate intake of dietary calcium,
Risk Factors for Fractures:
milk avoidance, excessive consumption of carbonated
Pediatric Population
beverages)
- Lack of weight-bearing physical activity
- Obesity
- Play and sport (exposure to trauma)
- Age
- Gender
- Osteoporosis (fragility fracture)
Risk Factors for Fractures: - Smoking
Older Adults - Alcohol
- Steroids
- Diabetes
- Previous fracture
, - When bone broken --> disrupts periosteum and
blood vessels in cortex, marrow, surrounding soft
tissues
- Bleeding occurs from damaged ends of bone and
from neighboring soft tissue
- Hematoma forms within medullary canal, b/w
fractured ends of bone, and beneath periosteum
- Bone tissue immediately adjacent to fracture dies
- Necrotic tissue and any debris in fracture area
stimulate intense inflammatory response (vasodilation,
exudation of plasma and leukocytes, infiltration by
Pathophysiology of
inflammatory leukocytes and mast cells)
Fractures
- Cytokines, including transforming growth factor-
beta (TGF-B), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),
prostaglandins, and others are released to promote
healing
- Within 48 hours of injury --> vascular tissue invades
fracture area from surrounding soft tissue and marrow
cavity; blood flow to entire bone is decreased
- Osteoblasts and osteoclasts in periosteum,
endosteum, and marrow are activated --> produce
subperiosteal procallus along outer surface of shaft
and over broken ends of bone
Excessive callus forms following fracture
Exuberant Callus - Exuberant callus formation refers to an
Formation overproduction of bone tissue (callus) at the site of a
fracture
Bone is unique; after a fracture, it will heal with normal
tissue NOT scar tissue!
3 Phases of Healing 1) Inflammatory Phase
2) Repair Phase
3) Remodeling Phase
