PAT 202: Week 11 - Cancer Management Questions
with Correct Answers
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Terms in this set (72)
Which drugs are considered Interferons, interleukins, Tamoxifen, Methotrexate,
anti-cancer drugs (directly Bevacizumab
attack the cancer cells)?
What stage of chemotherapy The Nadir period, where blood is at its lowest
do we see neutropenia?
What are the 2 Clinical Paraneoplastic syndromes and Cachexia
Manifestations of Cancer?
-Symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are
not caused by direct local effects of the tumour mass.
Define Paraneoplastic -Are caused by biologic substances released from the
syndromes tumour (e.g. hormones) or by an immune response
triggered by the tumour.
-Can be life-threatening (if serotonin is released)
-Is the most severe form of malnutrition
-Leads to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive
wasting
Define Cachexia and its
manifestations Manifestations:
-Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia
(abnormal physical weakness), taste alterations, and altered
protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
What other manifestations Depends on the location and type of cancer
would you expect and why? Ex. adrenal gland, brain, lungs
, -Investigation of manifestations
-Abnormal findings from routine examinations
-Screening
How is cancer discovered?
It is essential that tumour tissue be obtained to establish a
definitive diagnosis and correctly classify the disease.
Screening test - to detect early disease or risk factors for
disease in apparently healthy individuals
Ex. NAFLD, diabetes
What is the difference Ex. for cancer: PAP smear, manogram (can be a screening
between screening test and test or diagnostic test), colonoscopy at age 50
diagnostic test?
Diagnostic test - establishes presence or absence of
disease
Ex. Biopsy, diagnostic colonoscopy (removing a polyp)
Imaging
-CT, PET, MRI, CXR, ultrasound, bone scan
-barium enema
-Bronchoscopy
Histology and cytology
What are the tests and -Biopsy (incisional and excisional)
procedures to diagnose -Pap test
cancer?
Blood tests
-Tumour marker (PSA, AFP, CEA)
*PSA (prostate specific antigen) - antigen on prostate cell
*AFP (alpha fetoprotein) - liver protein
*CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) - colorectal cancer
-CBC
What is the difference -incisional - Using needle, take section of tumour
between incisional and -excisional - Removing the whole thing
excisional biopsy?
False.
T/F: The lower the number of The higher the number of the tumour marker, the more
the tumour marker, the more concerning it is.
concerning it is. Ex. if PSA (prostate specific antigen) is picked up in the
blood, it means it has relocated and spread
, -Involves the size of the tumour, the degree to which it has
invaded, and the extent of the spread.
-Stage 1
Is confined to its organ of origin.
What is the diagnosing and -Stage 2
staging of cancer? Is locally invasive. (moving a little bit)
-Stage 3
Has advanced to regional structures.
-Stage 4
Has spread to distant sites.
TNM = Tumour node metastasis
T0 = free of tumour
T1 = <2cm in size
T2 = 2-5cm
T3 = skin and or chest wall involved
by invasion
Explain the staging using the N = lymph node involvement; a
World Health Organization higher number means more nodes
TNM system involved
N0 = no axillary nodes involved
N1 = mobile nodes involved
N2 = fixed nodes involved
M = extent of distant metastases
M0 = no metastases
M1 = demonstrate metastases
M2 = suspected metastases
T/F: Grading does not always True!
change treatment planning. It
depends on the type of
cancer.
Are highly differentiated cells Yes!
highly specialized?
with Correct Answers
Save
Terms in this set (72)
Which drugs are considered Interferons, interleukins, Tamoxifen, Methotrexate,
anti-cancer drugs (directly Bevacizumab
attack the cancer cells)?
What stage of chemotherapy The Nadir period, where blood is at its lowest
do we see neutropenia?
What are the 2 Clinical Paraneoplastic syndromes and Cachexia
Manifestations of Cancer?
-Symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are
not caused by direct local effects of the tumour mass.
Define Paraneoplastic -Are caused by biologic substances released from the
syndromes tumour (e.g. hormones) or by an immune response
triggered by the tumour.
-Can be life-threatening (if serotonin is released)
-Is the most severe form of malnutrition
-Leads to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive
wasting
Define Cachexia and its
manifestations Manifestations:
-Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia
(abnormal physical weakness), taste alterations, and altered
protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
What other manifestations Depends on the location and type of cancer
would you expect and why? Ex. adrenal gland, brain, lungs
, -Investigation of manifestations
-Abnormal findings from routine examinations
-Screening
How is cancer discovered?
It is essential that tumour tissue be obtained to establish a
definitive diagnosis and correctly classify the disease.
Screening test - to detect early disease or risk factors for
disease in apparently healthy individuals
Ex. NAFLD, diabetes
What is the difference Ex. for cancer: PAP smear, manogram (can be a screening
between screening test and test or diagnostic test), colonoscopy at age 50
diagnostic test?
Diagnostic test - establishes presence or absence of
disease
Ex. Biopsy, diagnostic colonoscopy (removing a polyp)
Imaging
-CT, PET, MRI, CXR, ultrasound, bone scan
-barium enema
-Bronchoscopy
Histology and cytology
What are the tests and -Biopsy (incisional and excisional)
procedures to diagnose -Pap test
cancer?
Blood tests
-Tumour marker (PSA, AFP, CEA)
*PSA (prostate specific antigen) - antigen on prostate cell
*AFP (alpha fetoprotein) - liver protein
*CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) - colorectal cancer
-CBC
What is the difference -incisional - Using needle, take section of tumour
between incisional and -excisional - Removing the whole thing
excisional biopsy?
False.
T/F: The lower the number of The higher the number of the tumour marker, the more
the tumour marker, the more concerning it is.
concerning it is. Ex. if PSA (prostate specific antigen) is picked up in the
blood, it means it has relocated and spread
, -Involves the size of the tumour, the degree to which it has
invaded, and the extent of the spread.
-Stage 1
Is confined to its organ of origin.
What is the diagnosing and -Stage 2
staging of cancer? Is locally invasive. (moving a little bit)
-Stage 3
Has advanced to regional structures.
-Stage 4
Has spread to distant sites.
TNM = Tumour node metastasis
T0 = free of tumour
T1 = <2cm in size
T2 = 2-5cm
T3 = skin and or chest wall involved
by invasion
Explain the staging using the N = lymph node involvement; a
World Health Organization higher number means more nodes
TNM system involved
N0 = no axillary nodes involved
N1 = mobile nodes involved
N2 = fixed nodes involved
M = extent of distant metastases
M0 = no metastases
M1 = demonstrate metastases
M2 = suspected metastases
T/F: Grading does not always True!
change treatment planning. It
depends on the type of
cancer.
Are highly differentiated cells Yes!
highly specialized?
