PAT 202 - WEEK 3 (Type 1 and 2 Diabetes)
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Terms in this set (145)
Located beneath liver and tucked into curvature of
Pancreas Functions duodenum
- Has exocrine and endocrine functions
- Secretes enzymes into duodenum to support
Pancreas: Exocrine digestion of macromolecules
Function - Secretes bicarb into duodenum to raise pH of
chyme
Pancreas: Endocrine Islets of Langerhans includes 2 types of cells that
Function secrete hormones: Alpha and Beta Cells
Islets of Langerhans: Secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose
Alpha Cells and to activity of SNS
- Most abundant
Islets of Langerhans: Beta - In charge or producing insulin
Cells - Secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose
and to activity of parasympathetic nervous system
, Released by Alpha cells from the Islet of Langerhans
in pancreas, Glucagon RAISES blood glucose level
- Hyperglycemic hormone
SO what does Glucagon - Secretion increases during fasted state
do? - Increased Glycogenolysis: breaks down glycogen to
glucose
- Increased Gluconeogenesis: turns non-carbs (fat
and protein) into glucose
Released by Beta cells from the Islet of Langerhans in
pancreas, Insulin LOWERS blood glucose level
- Acts to decrease BG levels (hypoglycemic hormone)
- Secretion increases during fed state
- Glucose Transport: increased uptake by GLUT-4
receptors into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
SO what does Insulin do?
- Decreased Glycogenolysis: inhibits breakdown of
glycogen to glucose
- Decreased Gluconeogenesis: inhibits making of
glucose from non-carbs
- Increased Glycogenesis: turns glucose into
glycogen (promotes glycogen storage)
- Promotes glucose uptake primarily in liver, muscle,
and adipose tissue
- ALSO increases synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids,
and nucleic acids
- Net effect of insulin in tissues it to stimulate protein
Other Roles of Insulin
and fat synthesis and decrease BG level
- The brain, RBCs, kidney and lens of the eye do not
require insulin go glucose transport
- Also facilitates intracellular transport if potassium,
phosphate, and magnesium
Preferred source of energy to produce ATP by cells
Glucose
of body
, During fasting: 4-7 mmol/L
What is the normal range
for Blood Glucose? 2 hours after meals: 5-10 mmol/L (or 5-8 if tightly
controlled)
HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE -->
Pancreas releases insulin-->
Insulin encourages cells to
Relationship between absorb glucose from blood for
Insulin & BG Control energy AND signals the liver to
store excess glucose as
glycogen --> BG decrease back
to normal!
LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE --> Pancreas releases
Relationship between glucagon --> signals the liver to break down glycogen
Glucagon & BG Control into glucose --> release into blood --> BG levels rise
back to normal!
- Beta cells synthesize insulin from precursor
proinsulin
- Proinsulin is composed of an A peptide chain and a
B peptide chain connected by a C peptide chain and
2 disulfide bonds
How is Insulin made?
- C peptide is cleaved by proteolytic enzymes,
leaving the bonded A and B peptide chains that
become insulin
- C peptide can be measured in the blood as an
indirect measure of serum insulin synthesis
Where does Insulin In the liver and kidneys
Metabolize?
Insulin binds with plasma membrane receptors found
Glucose Uptake: How on cells throughout the body --> receptor binding
does Insulin work? sends cascade of signals to activate glucose
transporters (GLUT) for entry of glucose into the cell
Questions and Answers
Save
Terms in this set (145)
Located beneath liver and tucked into curvature of
Pancreas Functions duodenum
- Has exocrine and endocrine functions
- Secretes enzymes into duodenum to support
Pancreas: Exocrine digestion of macromolecules
Function - Secretes bicarb into duodenum to raise pH of
chyme
Pancreas: Endocrine Islets of Langerhans includes 2 types of cells that
Function secrete hormones: Alpha and Beta Cells
Islets of Langerhans: Secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose
Alpha Cells and to activity of SNS
- Most abundant
Islets of Langerhans: Beta - In charge or producing insulin
Cells - Secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose
and to activity of parasympathetic nervous system
, Released by Alpha cells from the Islet of Langerhans
in pancreas, Glucagon RAISES blood glucose level
- Hyperglycemic hormone
SO what does Glucagon - Secretion increases during fasted state
do? - Increased Glycogenolysis: breaks down glycogen to
glucose
- Increased Gluconeogenesis: turns non-carbs (fat
and protein) into glucose
Released by Beta cells from the Islet of Langerhans in
pancreas, Insulin LOWERS blood glucose level
- Acts to decrease BG levels (hypoglycemic hormone)
- Secretion increases during fed state
- Glucose Transport: increased uptake by GLUT-4
receptors into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
SO what does Insulin do?
- Decreased Glycogenolysis: inhibits breakdown of
glycogen to glucose
- Decreased Gluconeogenesis: inhibits making of
glucose from non-carbs
- Increased Glycogenesis: turns glucose into
glycogen (promotes glycogen storage)
- Promotes glucose uptake primarily in liver, muscle,
and adipose tissue
- ALSO increases synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids,
and nucleic acids
- Net effect of insulin in tissues it to stimulate protein
Other Roles of Insulin
and fat synthesis and decrease BG level
- The brain, RBCs, kidney and lens of the eye do not
require insulin go glucose transport
- Also facilitates intracellular transport if potassium,
phosphate, and magnesium
Preferred source of energy to produce ATP by cells
Glucose
of body
, During fasting: 4-7 mmol/L
What is the normal range
for Blood Glucose? 2 hours after meals: 5-10 mmol/L (or 5-8 if tightly
controlled)
HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE -->
Pancreas releases insulin-->
Insulin encourages cells to
Relationship between absorb glucose from blood for
Insulin & BG Control energy AND signals the liver to
store excess glucose as
glycogen --> BG decrease back
to normal!
LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE --> Pancreas releases
Relationship between glucagon --> signals the liver to break down glycogen
Glucagon & BG Control into glucose --> release into blood --> BG levels rise
back to normal!
- Beta cells synthesize insulin from precursor
proinsulin
- Proinsulin is composed of an A peptide chain and a
B peptide chain connected by a C peptide chain and
2 disulfide bonds
How is Insulin made?
- C peptide is cleaved by proteolytic enzymes,
leaving the bonded A and B peptide chains that
become insulin
- C peptide can be measured in the blood as an
indirect measure of serum insulin synthesis
Where does Insulin In the liver and kidneys
Metabolize?
Insulin binds with plasma membrane receptors found
Glucose Uptake: How on cells throughout the body --> receptor binding
does Insulin work? sends cascade of signals to activate glucose
transporters (GLUT) for entry of glucose into the cell
