PAT 202 - WEEK 10 (CANCER BIOLOGY) Exam
with Correct Answers
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Terms in this set (62)
An abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled
proliferation; it serves no physiological function
- Derived from Greek word for "crab" - Karkinoma
What is Cancer?
- Another name for malignant tumor BUT cancer is not
JUST a tumor --> not necessarily a mass (blood
cancers also referred to as a neoplasm "new growth")
- Alcohol
- Tobacco
- Indoor/outdoor air pollution
- Lack of fruit and vegetables
- Processed/red meat
- Lack of fiber
- Hyperglycemia/diabetes
Key Associations and
- Overweight
Causes of Cancer
- Lack of physical exercise
- Post-menopause
- Infections
- Ionizing radiation
- Occupational hazard
- Reproduction
- Sun exposure and sunbeds
, - Environmental-lifestyle behaviors and genetic
factors contribute to cancers
- Cancer is driven by genetic alterations and changes
in epigenetic regulation
Genetics, Epigenetics, and - Cancer development and progression involve tissue
Tissue microenvironment or stroma --> infiltrating immune
cells cause chronic inflammation, creating a
permissive tumor-progressive environment
- Epigenetic processes influence cancer initiation,
progression, and treatment
- Detoxifying enzymes
Genetics, Epigenetics, & - DNA repair genes
Tissue: Factors that - Immune/inflammatory systems
Influence Cancer Risk - Cell's immediate environment
- Metabolic/hormonal factors
- Overall cancer rates are higher for men than woman
- Highest cancer rates in Denmark
Incidence Trends - Decline in lung cancer correlated to decreased
tobacco use
- Increased rates for ages 0-10
- Cancer deaths have decreased in men, women,
children
Mortality Trends - Liver cancer is most predominant cancer
- Mortality rates for men with liver cancer are more
than double the rate for women
Conditions that increase susceptibility to cancer:
- Prenatal and early life exposure
Utero and Early Life
- Parental exposures before conception
Conditions
- Nutrition and DES exposure
- Gene and environment interactions
Gene & Environment Degree to which development is contingent on its
Interactions: environment
Developmental Plasticity
, Early in life - avoid sun exposure during peak hours,
When should Reducing
cover skin, increase physical exercise, avoid high-risk
Cancer Risk start?
sexual practices
Cigarette smoking is carcinogenic and the most
important risk factor for cancer
- Linked to cancers of the lung, mouth, lips, nasal
cavity and sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus,
Tobacco
pancreas, kidney, uterus, cervix, colon and rectum,
liver, and acute leukemia
- Secondhand smoke: environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) increases the risk for lung cancer
Smoking --> inflammation & release of ROS (reactive
oxygen species) --> body can either cope and remain
Pathophysiology of normal or experience gene activation/silencing -->
Smoking/Tobacco Use & DNA damage and cell cycle issues --> genome
Cancer instability, clonal expansion, angiogenesis --> cancer
- Epigenetics links cancer and COPD where immune
responses and inflammation play a key role
Dietary components can act directly as mutagens or
interfere with the elimination of mutagens
- Xenobiotic chemicals found in human diet (toxic,
mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food)
- Interference with defense mechanisms (EG:
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs))
Diet - Dietary factors may affect the cell cycle
- Dysregulation of DNA methylation
- Primary dietary potential donors of DNA
methylation include: folate, choline, B vitamins
- Consuming kiwi fruits, cooked carrots, supplemental
coenzyme Q10 improves DNA repair and decreases
chance of cancer
Enzyme housekeepers that metabolize environmental
EG: Glutathione-S-
carcinogens and ROS
Transferases (GSTs)
- If GSTs are lacking, the risk for cancer is higher
with Correct Answers
Save
Terms in this set (62)
An abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled
proliferation; it serves no physiological function
- Derived from Greek word for "crab" - Karkinoma
What is Cancer?
- Another name for malignant tumor BUT cancer is not
JUST a tumor --> not necessarily a mass (blood
cancers also referred to as a neoplasm "new growth")
- Alcohol
- Tobacco
- Indoor/outdoor air pollution
- Lack of fruit and vegetables
- Processed/red meat
- Lack of fiber
- Hyperglycemia/diabetes
Key Associations and
- Overweight
Causes of Cancer
- Lack of physical exercise
- Post-menopause
- Infections
- Ionizing radiation
- Occupational hazard
- Reproduction
- Sun exposure and sunbeds
, - Environmental-lifestyle behaviors and genetic
factors contribute to cancers
- Cancer is driven by genetic alterations and changes
in epigenetic regulation
Genetics, Epigenetics, and - Cancer development and progression involve tissue
Tissue microenvironment or stroma --> infiltrating immune
cells cause chronic inflammation, creating a
permissive tumor-progressive environment
- Epigenetic processes influence cancer initiation,
progression, and treatment
- Detoxifying enzymes
Genetics, Epigenetics, & - DNA repair genes
Tissue: Factors that - Immune/inflammatory systems
Influence Cancer Risk - Cell's immediate environment
- Metabolic/hormonal factors
- Overall cancer rates are higher for men than woman
- Highest cancer rates in Denmark
Incidence Trends - Decline in lung cancer correlated to decreased
tobacco use
- Increased rates for ages 0-10
- Cancer deaths have decreased in men, women,
children
Mortality Trends - Liver cancer is most predominant cancer
- Mortality rates for men with liver cancer are more
than double the rate for women
Conditions that increase susceptibility to cancer:
- Prenatal and early life exposure
Utero and Early Life
- Parental exposures before conception
Conditions
- Nutrition and DES exposure
- Gene and environment interactions
Gene & Environment Degree to which development is contingent on its
Interactions: environment
Developmental Plasticity
, Early in life - avoid sun exposure during peak hours,
When should Reducing
cover skin, increase physical exercise, avoid high-risk
Cancer Risk start?
sexual practices
Cigarette smoking is carcinogenic and the most
important risk factor for cancer
- Linked to cancers of the lung, mouth, lips, nasal
cavity and sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus,
Tobacco
pancreas, kidney, uterus, cervix, colon and rectum,
liver, and acute leukemia
- Secondhand smoke: environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) increases the risk for lung cancer
Smoking --> inflammation & release of ROS (reactive
oxygen species) --> body can either cope and remain
Pathophysiology of normal or experience gene activation/silencing -->
Smoking/Tobacco Use & DNA damage and cell cycle issues --> genome
Cancer instability, clonal expansion, angiogenesis --> cancer
- Epigenetics links cancer and COPD where immune
responses and inflammation play a key role
Dietary components can act directly as mutagens or
interfere with the elimination of mutagens
- Xenobiotic chemicals found in human diet (toxic,
mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food)
- Interference with defense mechanisms (EG:
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs))
Diet - Dietary factors may affect the cell cycle
- Dysregulation of DNA methylation
- Primary dietary potential donors of DNA
methylation include: folate, choline, B vitamins
- Consuming kiwi fruits, cooked carrots, supplemental
coenzyme Q10 improves DNA repair and decreases
chance of cancer
Enzyme housekeepers that metabolize environmental
EG: Glutathione-S-
carcinogens and ROS
Transferases (GSTs)
- If GSTs are lacking, the risk for cancer is higher
