PAT 202 - WEEK 2 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Save
Terms in this set (111)
Oxygen-poor blood enters the
right heart, gets sent to the
lungs for oxygen, then returns
to the left heart. The left heart
Normal Blood Flow pumps oxygen-rich blood
through the aorta to the body,
where it delivers oxygen before
returning to the right heart to
repeat the cycle
Risk factors --> endothelial injury --> atherosclerosis --
> CAD --> coronary atherothrombosis --> myocardial
CAD, ACS, and HF ischemia --> myocardial infarction --> arrythmias and
loss of function --> remodeling --> contractile
dysfunction --> HF --> End stage heart disease!
A pathophysiologic condition when heart is unable to
generate adequate cardiac output
What is Heart Failure (HF) - Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet
? body's metabolic needs
- Inadequate circulatory volume and pressure
- Results in inadequate perfusion of tissues
, - Associated with conditions such as CAD, MI (affects
supply of O2 and nutrients to cardiac muscle)
- Chronic and sustained HTN (heart must pump more
What are some of the powerfully to eject blood)
Causes of HF? - Diabetes mellitus: insulin resistance,
hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia have multiple effects
on CV system including endothelial damage -->
atherosclerosis (also associated with dyslipidemia)
- Ischemic heart disease
- HTN (75% of HF cases)
- Age
- Smoking
- Obesity
What are the Risk Factors - Diabetes
for HF? - Renal failure
- Valvular heart disease
- Cardiomyopathies
- Myocarditis
- Congenital heart disease
- Excessive alcohol use
Prevention is the best strategy through appropriate
lifestyle and healthcare choices
- Exercise regularly
How to prevent HF?
- Eat a healthy diet
- Don't smoke
- Effective management of HTN, CAD, and DM
Myocardium becomes weakened --> heart unable to
Pathophysiology of HF eject all blood it receives --> left side, right side, or
both sides
More common!
- Blood accumulates in left ventricle --> wall of left
Pathophysiology of Left ventricle thickens (hypertrophies) in attempt to
Side HF compensate for extra blood retained in chamber
(increased preload) --> blood backs up into lungs
(cough, SOB)
, Pathophysiology of Right Blood backs up into peripheral veins --> JVD,
Side HF peripheral edema, engorgement of organs (liver)
Endothelial hormones; endothelin is a potent
vasoconstrictor and is associated with a poor
How are Inflammatory
prognosis in individuals with HF
Cytokines Involved?
- TNF-a
- IL-6
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha is a cytokine that plays a
role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of many
diseases
- Elevated in HF and contributes to myocardial
Inflammatory Cytokines: hypertrophy and remodeling
TNF-a - Down-regulates synthesis of vasodilator nitric oxide
(NO)
- Induces myocyte apoptosis
- May contribute to weight loss and weakness in
individuals with HF (cardiac cachexia)
Inflammatory Cytokines: Elevated in ppl with severe HF and cardiogenic shock
IL-6 - May contribute to further harmful immune activation
1) Systolic Failure vs Diastolic Failure
What can HF be classified
2) Location of failure (left or right)
based on?
3) Acute vs Chronic (degree of physiologic response)
Decreased contractility leading to decreased ejection
fraction (EF)
- HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
- EF < 40% (normal is approx. 65%)
- Hearts cannot generate adequate CO to perfuse
HF: Systolic Failure tissues and organs
- Characterized by complex constellation of
hemodynamic, neurohumoral, inflammatory, and
metabolic processes
- Interaction of these processes results in gradual
decline in myocardial func.
Solved
Save
Terms in this set (111)
Oxygen-poor blood enters the
right heart, gets sent to the
lungs for oxygen, then returns
to the left heart. The left heart
Normal Blood Flow pumps oxygen-rich blood
through the aorta to the body,
where it delivers oxygen before
returning to the right heart to
repeat the cycle
Risk factors --> endothelial injury --> atherosclerosis --
> CAD --> coronary atherothrombosis --> myocardial
CAD, ACS, and HF ischemia --> myocardial infarction --> arrythmias and
loss of function --> remodeling --> contractile
dysfunction --> HF --> End stage heart disease!
A pathophysiologic condition when heart is unable to
generate adequate cardiac output
What is Heart Failure (HF) - Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet
? body's metabolic needs
- Inadequate circulatory volume and pressure
- Results in inadequate perfusion of tissues
, - Associated with conditions such as CAD, MI (affects
supply of O2 and nutrients to cardiac muscle)
- Chronic and sustained HTN (heart must pump more
What are some of the powerfully to eject blood)
Causes of HF? - Diabetes mellitus: insulin resistance,
hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia have multiple effects
on CV system including endothelial damage -->
atherosclerosis (also associated with dyslipidemia)
- Ischemic heart disease
- HTN (75% of HF cases)
- Age
- Smoking
- Obesity
What are the Risk Factors - Diabetes
for HF? - Renal failure
- Valvular heart disease
- Cardiomyopathies
- Myocarditis
- Congenital heart disease
- Excessive alcohol use
Prevention is the best strategy through appropriate
lifestyle and healthcare choices
- Exercise regularly
How to prevent HF?
- Eat a healthy diet
- Don't smoke
- Effective management of HTN, CAD, and DM
Myocardium becomes weakened --> heart unable to
Pathophysiology of HF eject all blood it receives --> left side, right side, or
both sides
More common!
- Blood accumulates in left ventricle --> wall of left
Pathophysiology of Left ventricle thickens (hypertrophies) in attempt to
Side HF compensate for extra blood retained in chamber
(increased preload) --> blood backs up into lungs
(cough, SOB)
, Pathophysiology of Right Blood backs up into peripheral veins --> JVD,
Side HF peripheral edema, engorgement of organs (liver)
Endothelial hormones; endothelin is a potent
vasoconstrictor and is associated with a poor
How are Inflammatory
prognosis in individuals with HF
Cytokines Involved?
- TNF-a
- IL-6
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha is a cytokine that plays a
role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of many
diseases
- Elevated in HF and contributes to myocardial
Inflammatory Cytokines: hypertrophy and remodeling
TNF-a - Down-regulates synthesis of vasodilator nitric oxide
(NO)
- Induces myocyte apoptosis
- May contribute to weight loss and weakness in
individuals with HF (cardiac cachexia)
Inflammatory Cytokines: Elevated in ppl with severe HF and cardiogenic shock
IL-6 - May contribute to further harmful immune activation
1) Systolic Failure vs Diastolic Failure
What can HF be classified
2) Location of failure (left or right)
based on?
3) Acute vs Chronic (degree of physiologic response)
Decreased contractility leading to decreased ejection
fraction (EF)
- HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
- EF < 40% (normal is approx. 65%)
- Hearts cannot generate adequate CO to perfuse
HF: Systolic Failure tissues and organs
- Characterized by complex constellation of
hemodynamic, neurohumoral, inflammatory, and
metabolic processes
- Interaction of these processes results in gradual
decline in myocardial func.
