NUR 2810 Theory Test Questions Solved 100%
Correct
3 functions of ANS:
1. regulate heart
2. secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, bronchial glands)
3. smooth muscle (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital, GI tract)
Which poisons can block effects of parasympathetic stimulation?
insecticides, nerve gases, toxic compounds in mushrooms/plants (Inocybe and Clitocybe spp.)
What are the 3 main functions of the sympathetic NS?
1. regulating cardiovascular system (↑ CO, vasoconstriction)
2. regulating body temp (regulates blood flow to skin by dilating surface vessls, promotes sweat
gland secretion, piloerection for heat conservation)
3. acute stress response (↑ HR + BP, shunts blood away from skin/viscera to skeletal muscle,
"cold w/ fear" dilates bronchi, dilates pupils, mobilizes stored energy (glucose, fatty acids)
Drugs for which 3 conditions would affect sympathetic cardiovascular and blood vessel
control?
HTN, heart failure, angina pectoris
What are the 3 patterns of autonomic innervation?
1. dual innervation with opposing effects
2. dual innervation with complementary effects (male reproductive system → para controls
,erection and symp controls ejaculation)
3. single innervation
What is an example of autonomic dual innervation with opposing effects?
HR: sympathetic ↑ HR, para ↓ HR
What is an example of autonomic dual innervation with complementary effects?
male reproductive system → parasympathetic controls erection and sympathetic controls
ejaculation
What is an example of autonomic single innervation?
blood vessels are only innervated by sympathetic nerves
What are the 3 elements of feedback regulation in the ANS (reflex)?
1. Sensor → monitors status of physiologic process
2. Neurons → send information to CNS, then send messages form CNS to ANS
3. Effector → makes appropriate adjustments
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
opposes BP changes → baroreceptors in carotid sinus + aortic arch monitor BP, send info to
brain, brain sends impulses along ANS nerves
- BP ↓: vasoconstriction and ↑ CO
- BP ↑: vasodilation and ↓ CO
What is the predominant autonomic tone in most organs?
parasympathetic NS (EXCEPTION = vascular system → sympathetic)
,How many neurons are involved in the pathway b/w spinal cord to organs in the para/symp
NS?
2 neurons
Where is the synapse between neurons in the parasympathetic/sympathetic NS?
ganglion → mass of nerve cell bodies
What is the preganglionic neuron?
neuron from spinal cord to (para)sympathetic ganglia
What is the postganglionic neuron?
neuron from ganglia to effector organs
What are the 2 general sites for para and sympathetic drugs to act?
1. synapses b/w pre- and postganglionic neurons
2. junctions b/w postganglionic neurons and effector organs
What is the adrenal medulla functionally equivalent to?
postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS
What is the function of the adrenal medulla?
releases epinephrine and (lesser extent) norepinephrine into bloodstream
How many neurons are in the somatic nervous system pathway?
1 neuron from spinal cord to muscles (somatic motor nerve)W
, What is the only site of action for peripherally-acting drugs that affect somatic motor
system function?
neuromuscular junction (b/w somatic motor nerve and muscle)
What are the 4 main neurotransmitters in the PNS?
1. acetylcholine (ACh)
2. NE
3. Epi
4. dopamine
What is the neurotransmitter at most junctions of the PNS?
ACh
Where is ACh released from?
all preganglionic neurons of para and sympathetic NS, all postganglionic neurons of
parasympathetic NS, all motor neurons to skeletal muscles, postganglionic neurons of
sympathetic NS to sweat glands
Where is norepinephrine released from?
most postganglionic neurons of sympathetic NS EXCEPT sweat glands (also, some from adrenal
medulla)
Were is epinephrine released from?
adrenal medulla
What are the 2 receptor types in the PNS?
Correct
3 functions of ANS:
1. regulate heart
2. secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, bronchial glands)
3. smooth muscle (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital, GI tract)
Which poisons can block effects of parasympathetic stimulation?
insecticides, nerve gases, toxic compounds in mushrooms/plants (Inocybe and Clitocybe spp.)
What are the 3 main functions of the sympathetic NS?
1. regulating cardiovascular system (↑ CO, vasoconstriction)
2. regulating body temp (regulates blood flow to skin by dilating surface vessls, promotes sweat
gland secretion, piloerection for heat conservation)
3. acute stress response (↑ HR + BP, shunts blood away from skin/viscera to skeletal muscle,
"cold w/ fear" dilates bronchi, dilates pupils, mobilizes stored energy (glucose, fatty acids)
Drugs for which 3 conditions would affect sympathetic cardiovascular and blood vessel
control?
HTN, heart failure, angina pectoris
What are the 3 patterns of autonomic innervation?
1. dual innervation with opposing effects
2. dual innervation with complementary effects (male reproductive system → para controls
,erection and symp controls ejaculation)
3. single innervation
What is an example of autonomic dual innervation with opposing effects?
HR: sympathetic ↑ HR, para ↓ HR
What is an example of autonomic dual innervation with complementary effects?
male reproductive system → parasympathetic controls erection and sympathetic controls
ejaculation
What is an example of autonomic single innervation?
blood vessels are only innervated by sympathetic nerves
What are the 3 elements of feedback regulation in the ANS (reflex)?
1. Sensor → monitors status of physiologic process
2. Neurons → send information to CNS, then send messages form CNS to ANS
3. Effector → makes appropriate adjustments
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
opposes BP changes → baroreceptors in carotid sinus + aortic arch monitor BP, send info to
brain, brain sends impulses along ANS nerves
- BP ↓: vasoconstriction and ↑ CO
- BP ↑: vasodilation and ↓ CO
What is the predominant autonomic tone in most organs?
parasympathetic NS (EXCEPTION = vascular system → sympathetic)
,How many neurons are involved in the pathway b/w spinal cord to organs in the para/symp
NS?
2 neurons
Where is the synapse between neurons in the parasympathetic/sympathetic NS?
ganglion → mass of nerve cell bodies
What is the preganglionic neuron?
neuron from spinal cord to (para)sympathetic ganglia
What is the postganglionic neuron?
neuron from ganglia to effector organs
What are the 2 general sites for para and sympathetic drugs to act?
1. synapses b/w pre- and postganglionic neurons
2. junctions b/w postganglionic neurons and effector organs
What is the adrenal medulla functionally equivalent to?
postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS
What is the function of the adrenal medulla?
releases epinephrine and (lesser extent) norepinephrine into bloodstream
How many neurons are in the somatic nervous system pathway?
1 neuron from spinal cord to muscles (somatic motor nerve)W
, What is the only site of action for peripherally-acting drugs that affect somatic motor
system function?
neuromuscular junction (b/w somatic motor nerve and muscle)
What are the 4 main neurotransmitters in the PNS?
1. acetylcholine (ACh)
2. NE
3. Epi
4. dopamine
What is the neurotransmitter at most junctions of the PNS?
ACh
Where is ACh released from?
all preganglionic neurons of para and sympathetic NS, all postganglionic neurons of
parasympathetic NS, all motor neurons to skeletal muscles, postganglionic neurons of
sympathetic NS to sweat glands
Where is norepinephrine released from?
most postganglionic neurons of sympathetic NS EXCEPT sweat glands (also, some from adrenal
medulla)
Were is epinephrine released from?
adrenal medulla
What are the 2 receptor types in the PNS?
