TEST BANK PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS
FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN 8th Edition
Kathryn L. McCance, Sue E. HUETHER Questions and Answers
Contents
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ............................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents ....................................... 18
Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases .......................... 31
Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases ....................................................................................... 44
Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases............................................... 55
Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease.............................................................................................. 63
Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing ................................................. 68
Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ..................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation................................................................. 95
Chapter 10: Infection.................................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 11: Stress and Disease .................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 12: Cancer Biology .......................................................................................................... 124
Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology ................................................................................................ 137
Chapter 14: Cancer in Children ..................................................................................................... 143
Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System .................................................... 148
Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function ................................... 159
Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function ... 174
Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular
Junction
..................................................................................................................................................... 188
Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders ................ 199
Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ......................................................... 206
Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation....................................................................... 213
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ......................................................................... 222
Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition ........................................................................... 234
Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems .............................................. 239
Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System ...................................................... 249
Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System .......................................................... 259
Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................................................ 265
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ................................................. 273
Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function ............................. 283
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
CORRECT ANSWER>>D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The
Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the
cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and
removing toxic substances from the cell.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
CORRECT ANSWER>>C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S =
synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
, PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
CORRECT ANSWER>>C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes
together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular
protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy
for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins
d. Lipid bilayer
CORRECT ANSWER>>D
, The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to
the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. Carbohydrate chains,
glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-soluble molecules
from entering cells across the cell membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What
response by the professor is best?
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized
state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
8. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other
cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and
cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in
binding processes.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN 8th Edition
Kathryn L. McCance, Sue E. HUETHER Questions and Answers
Contents
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ............................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents ....................................... 18
Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases .......................... 31
Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases ....................................................................................... 44
Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases............................................... 55
Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease.............................................................................................. 63
Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing ................................................. 68
Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ..................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation................................................................. 95
Chapter 10: Infection.................................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 11: Stress and Disease .................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 12: Cancer Biology .......................................................................................................... 124
Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology ................................................................................................ 137
Chapter 14: Cancer in Children ..................................................................................................... 143
Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System .................................................... 148
Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function ................................... 159
Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function ... 174
Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular
Junction
..................................................................................................................................................... 188
Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders ................ 199
Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ......................................................... 206
Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation....................................................................... 213
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ......................................................................... 222
Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition ........................................................................... 234
Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems .............................................. 239
Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System ...................................................... 249
Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System .......................................................... 259
Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................................................ 265
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ................................................. 273
Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function ............................. 283
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
CORRECT ANSWER>>D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The
Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the
cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and
removing toxic substances from the cell.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
CORRECT ANSWER>>C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S =
synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
, PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
CORRECT ANSWER>>C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes
together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular
protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy
for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins
d. Lipid bilayer
CORRECT ANSWER>>D
, The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to
the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. Carbohydrate chains,
glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-soluble molecules
from entering cells across the cell membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What
response by the professor is best?
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized
state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
8. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other
cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
CORRECT ANSWER>>B
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and
cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in
binding processes.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
