CANC 380 EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cancer treatment categories - Answer- 1. localized: surgery
2. systemic: chemo
3. targeted: CAR-T therapy or herpceptin
1. localized therapies - Answer- 1. surgery
2. external beam radiation
3. brachytherapy: radioactive isotope placed close to tumour, large radiation doses
4. photodynamic therapy: relieve blockages
2. systemic cancer therapies - Answer- - control or slow down cancer
1. minimize effects
2. slow growth
3. relieve symptoms
types of systemic therapy - Answer- 1. chemo: cytotoxic drugs
2. hormone: inhibits tumour growth, tamoxifen blocks estrogen
3. immunotherapy: enhances immune system, PD-L1 and ICB
4. systemic radiation: thyroid cancer and bone
chemotherapy agents - Answer- 1. alkylating: prevent replication (cyclophosphamide
and chlorambucil)
2. anti-metabolites: inhibit metabolites required for metabolism, anti-folates interfere with
nucleic acid synthesis, ALL: ovarian, breast and bladder
3. plant derived chemo:
- paclitaxel: yew tree, ovarian cancer
- camptothecin: topoisomerase inhibitor, prevents unwinding, blocks DNA replication,
china, chinese medicine
hormonal therapy - Answer- 1. purpose: control disease
2. mechanisms: low hormone or stop
- remove gland or organ
- treatment with radiation
- interfere with production
3. examples:
- breast tamoxifen blocks estrogen
- aromatase blocks estrogen
- prostatce cancer anti-androgen therapy
,hormonal therapy of prostate cancer - Answer- 1. lower androgens:
- castration, LHRH antagonists, GnRH antagonists, inhibit CYP17 blocks cell production
2. block androgens:
- androgen-receptor blockers
- enzalutamide blocks androgen signalling in cancer cells
3. targeted therapies - Answer- block growth of cancer in molecules
1. imatinib: BCR-ABL, CML inhibits
2. bevacizumab: anti-VEGF
3. gefitinib: EGFR inhibitor, blocks ATP tyrosine kinase
4. herceptin: blocks HER2
inhibiting angiogenesis - Answer- 1. prevent tumour-cell mediated macrophages
2. prevent secretion of angiogenic factors or increase anti-angiogenic factors
3. target VEGF (solid tumours)
4. induce endothelial cell apoptosis
5. inhibit endothelial cell proliferation
6. inhibit proteases that degrade ECM
inhibiting VEGF - Answer- - anti-VEGF antibodies neutralize VEGF and inhibit
- drugs that block autophosphorylation of VEGF
- competitive inhibitors
- nucleotide sequence that is antisense, binds to mRNA
DALY - Answer- - disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Cancer has impacted research using... - Answer- 1. vaccines
2. immunotherapy
3. screening
Requirements for natural selection - Answer- 1. variation in population
2. heritable variation
3. variation influences survival or reproduction
Natural selection cellular level - Answer- - rapid
- reproduce faster
- random genetic mutations
- favourable traits
- decreased fitness
Clones vs subclones - Answer- clones: derived from the same parent cell
- share ancestry and genetics
subclones: progeny of a mutant cell from a clone
, HER2 - Answer- - evolutionary advantage
- encodes receptor for EGFR2, breast division
divergent evolution - Answer- single species accumulate enough phenotypic differences
to diversify
convergent evolution - Answer- two unrelated species that do not share a common
ancestry develop analogous structures due to environmental pressures
parallel evolution - Answer- two unrelated species share common ancestor evolve on a
similar path to produce phenotypes
which cells are antigen presenting? - Answer- 1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
MHC I MHC II differences - Answer- MHC-I: all nucleated cells, display cytosolic
proteins
MHC-II: only found on APCs, displays ingested proteins
Tumour antigen products - Answer- 1. mutated proteins
2. protein levels
3. glycolipids
4. oncogenic products
mutated products - Answer- - mutations in genes that favour uncontrolled growth
- displayed by MHC pathways
- abnormal protein structure causes antigenicity
- RAS and proteins
protein levels - Answer- - tolerance to low concentration of growth-related cell proteins
expressed by non-cancerous cells
- abnormal expression causes antigenicity
- HER2
glycolipids - Answer- - over express normal glycated products to aid cell invasion
- over-expression of structures cause antigenicity
- gastric cancers
oncogenic products - Answer- - presented to MHC, immunogenic
- viral products cause antigenicity
- E6 E7 are displayed in cervical cells infected by the HPV
innate immune response - Answer- - NKC do not require activation
- macrophages recognize tumour antigens and eliminate pathogens
- cytokines amplify and activate
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cancer treatment categories - Answer- 1. localized: surgery
2. systemic: chemo
3. targeted: CAR-T therapy or herpceptin
1. localized therapies - Answer- 1. surgery
2. external beam radiation
3. brachytherapy: radioactive isotope placed close to tumour, large radiation doses
4. photodynamic therapy: relieve blockages
2. systemic cancer therapies - Answer- - control or slow down cancer
1. minimize effects
2. slow growth
3. relieve symptoms
types of systemic therapy - Answer- 1. chemo: cytotoxic drugs
2. hormone: inhibits tumour growth, tamoxifen blocks estrogen
3. immunotherapy: enhances immune system, PD-L1 and ICB
4. systemic radiation: thyroid cancer and bone
chemotherapy agents - Answer- 1. alkylating: prevent replication (cyclophosphamide
and chlorambucil)
2. anti-metabolites: inhibit metabolites required for metabolism, anti-folates interfere with
nucleic acid synthesis, ALL: ovarian, breast and bladder
3. plant derived chemo:
- paclitaxel: yew tree, ovarian cancer
- camptothecin: topoisomerase inhibitor, prevents unwinding, blocks DNA replication,
china, chinese medicine
hormonal therapy - Answer- 1. purpose: control disease
2. mechanisms: low hormone or stop
- remove gland or organ
- treatment with radiation
- interfere with production
3. examples:
- breast tamoxifen blocks estrogen
- aromatase blocks estrogen
- prostatce cancer anti-androgen therapy
,hormonal therapy of prostate cancer - Answer- 1. lower androgens:
- castration, LHRH antagonists, GnRH antagonists, inhibit CYP17 blocks cell production
2. block androgens:
- androgen-receptor blockers
- enzalutamide blocks androgen signalling in cancer cells
3. targeted therapies - Answer- block growth of cancer in molecules
1. imatinib: BCR-ABL, CML inhibits
2. bevacizumab: anti-VEGF
3. gefitinib: EGFR inhibitor, blocks ATP tyrosine kinase
4. herceptin: blocks HER2
inhibiting angiogenesis - Answer- 1. prevent tumour-cell mediated macrophages
2. prevent secretion of angiogenic factors or increase anti-angiogenic factors
3. target VEGF (solid tumours)
4. induce endothelial cell apoptosis
5. inhibit endothelial cell proliferation
6. inhibit proteases that degrade ECM
inhibiting VEGF - Answer- - anti-VEGF antibodies neutralize VEGF and inhibit
- drugs that block autophosphorylation of VEGF
- competitive inhibitors
- nucleotide sequence that is antisense, binds to mRNA
DALY - Answer- - disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Cancer has impacted research using... - Answer- 1. vaccines
2. immunotherapy
3. screening
Requirements for natural selection - Answer- 1. variation in population
2. heritable variation
3. variation influences survival or reproduction
Natural selection cellular level - Answer- - rapid
- reproduce faster
- random genetic mutations
- favourable traits
- decreased fitness
Clones vs subclones - Answer- clones: derived from the same parent cell
- share ancestry and genetics
subclones: progeny of a mutant cell from a clone
, HER2 - Answer- - evolutionary advantage
- encodes receptor for EGFR2, breast division
divergent evolution - Answer- single species accumulate enough phenotypic differences
to diversify
convergent evolution - Answer- two unrelated species that do not share a common
ancestry develop analogous structures due to environmental pressures
parallel evolution - Answer- two unrelated species share common ancestor evolve on a
similar path to produce phenotypes
which cells are antigen presenting? - Answer- 1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
MHC I MHC II differences - Answer- MHC-I: all nucleated cells, display cytosolic
proteins
MHC-II: only found on APCs, displays ingested proteins
Tumour antigen products - Answer- 1. mutated proteins
2. protein levels
3. glycolipids
4. oncogenic products
mutated products - Answer- - mutations in genes that favour uncontrolled growth
- displayed by MHC pathways
- abnormal protein structure causes antigenicity
- RAS and proteins
protein levels - Answer- - tolerance to low concentration of growth-related cell proteins
expressed by non-cancerous cells
- abnormal expression causes antigenicity
- HER2
glycolipids - Answer- - over express normal glycated products to aid cell invasion
- over-expression of structures cause antigenicity
- gastric cancers
oncogenic products - Answer- - presented to MHC, immunogenic
- viral products cause antigenicity
- E6 E7 are displayed in cervical cells infected by the HPV
innate immune response - Answer- - NKC do not require activation
- macrophages recognize tumour antigens and eliminate pathogens
- cytokines amplify and activate
