LES 305 Exam 1 Clark || 100% Valid Answers.
Ethics correct answers Manner by which one lives one's life according to a standard of right or
wrong behavior
- In both how one thinks and behaves towards others and how one would like them to think and
behave towards others
Factors That Influence Ethics correct answers - One's upbringing
- One's religion
- One's social traditions and beliefs
- Society: Structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs
Understanding Right and Wrong correct answers Moral Standards: Principles by which
judgments are made about good and bad behavior based on:
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Cultural Beliefs
- Culture: Particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals
3) Philosophical Beliefs
Source of Beliefs correct answers Family and friends
Ethnic Background
Religion
School
Media
Personal role models and mentors
Morality: Collection of influences built over a person's life
** Sources add up to morality
How Should One Live? correct answers - Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis
from everyone around
- Ethical behavior can be based on religious morality or experience of human existence
- Morals and values: Set of personal principles by which one aims to live one's life
- Value System: Set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior
Intrinsic Value correct answers Quality by which a value is a good thing in itself -> Pursued for
its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not (Ex: happiness, health, self-
respect)
Instrumental Value correct answers Quality by which the pursuit of one's value is a good way to
reach another value (Ex: money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself)
Value Conflicts correct answers - Impact of a value system on individuals is how much their
daily lives are influenced by those values
- Occur when one is presented with a situation that places one's value system in direct conflict
with an action
- Personal Value System: Specific choices and responses to a situation by an individual
,The Golden Rule correct answers - Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
- Problem with the rule is the assumption that others would follow the same principles as one
would do
Ethical Theories correct answers Virtue Ethics, Utilitarianism, Universal Ethics
Virtue Ethics correct answers - Living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement
of a clear ideal
- Criticism: societies can place different emphasis on different virtues
Utilitarianism correct answers - Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest
number of people
- Criticism: idea that the ends justify the means
Universal Ethics correct answers - Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely
moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation (Universal principles are seen to apply
to everyone, everywhere, all the time)
- Criticism: Reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good
Ethical Relativism correct answers Traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the
circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles
- Implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black and white rules
- Offers the comfort of being a part of the ethical majority in the community or society
Ethical Dilemmas correct answers - Situations where there are no obvious right or wrong
decisions, but rather a right or right answer
- Occurs when the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice knowing full well
that one is: leaving an equally right choice undone or likely to suffer something bad as a result of
that choice
- Contracting a personal ethical principle in making that choice
- Abandoning an ethical value of one's community or society in making that choice
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas correct answers - Sleep Test Ethics
- 3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems
- Arthur Dobrin's Questions
Sleep Test Ethics correct answers - Ethics of Institution
- Individuals should rely on their personal insights, feelings, and instincts
3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems correct answers - Analyze the consequences (Who
is impacted?)
- Analyze the actions (Consider all options)
- Make a decision (Based on both steps above)
Arthur Dobrin's Questions correct answers - What are the facts?
, - What can one guess about the facts that one doesn't know?
- What do the facts mean?
- What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved?
- What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another?
- What does one's feelings tell oneself?
- What will one think if one decides one thing or another?
- Can one explain and justify one's decisions to others?
Application of Arthur Dobrin's model is based on one of the following key assumptions: correct
answers - Sufficient time is the degree of contemplation that these questions require
- Enough information is available to answer the questions
- Dilemma presents alternative resolutions for one to select from
Ethical Reasoning correct answers - Looking at the information available while resolving an
ethical dilemma
- Drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to one's own ethical standards
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Ethical Reasoning correct answers Stage 1: Preconventional
Level -> Social Orientation: obedience and punishment
Stage 2: Social Orientation: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
Stage 3: Conventional Level -> Social orientation: good boy / nice girl
Stage 4: Social orientation: law and order
Stage 5: Postconventional -> Social orientation: social contract
Stage 6: Social orientation: Principled conscience
Law correct answers - A body of rules, action, and conduct prescribed by controlling authority
and having legal binding force
- Law is what society will enforce
- Creates duties, obligations, and rights
Jurisprudence correct answers - Defined as the science and philosophy of law
- From Latin: Juris (Law) + Prudence (Wisdom)
Purposes of Law correct answers - Defines rules of conduct and consequences for the violation
of those rules (So we know what is expected)
- Provides a method for resolving disputes -> Eliminating the need for self-help and the violence
and economic disruption that it brings
- Promotes good faith dealing in commerce -> eliminating sharp practices and thereby
facilitating commerce
- Gives some degree of reliability in business planning and commercial transactions -> also
facilitating commerce
- Promotes equality and justice -> Antidiscrimination laws in employment / where else?
** The most important purpose of law is to provide a method for resolving disputes
Language of the Law correct answers A basic understanding of legal terminology is useful:
- Legal terms are sometimes referred to as jargon or legalese
Ethics correct answers Manner by which one lives one's life according to a standard of right or
wrong behavior
- In both how one thinks and behaves towards others and how one would like them to think and
behave towards others
Factors That Influence Ethics correct answers - One's upbringing
- One's religion
- One's social traditions and beliefs
- Society: Structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs
Understanding Right and Wrong correct answers Moral Standards: Principles by which
judgments are made about good and bad behavior based on:
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Cultural Beliefs
- Culture: Particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals
3) Philosophical Beliefs
Source of Beliefs correct answers Family and friends
Ethnic Background
Religion
School
Media
Personal role models and mentors
Morality: Collection of influences built over a person's life
** Sources add up to morality
How Should One Live? correct answers - Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis
from everyone around
- Ethical behavior can be based on religious morality or experience of human existence
- Morals and values: Set of personal principles by which one aims to live one's life
- Value System: Set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior
Intrinsic Value correct answers Quality by which a value is a good thing in itself -> Pursued for
its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not (Ex: happiness, health, self-
respect)
Instrumental Value correct answers Quality by which the pursuit of one's value is a good way to
reach another value (Ex: money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself)
Value Conflicts correct answers - Impact of a value system on individuals is how much their
daily lives are influenced by those values
- Occur when one is presented with a situation that places one's value system in direct conflict
with an action
- Personal Value System: Specific choices and responses to a situation by an individual
,The Golden Rule correct answers - Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
- Problem with the rule is the assumption that others would follow the same principles as one
would do
Ethical Theories correct answers Virtue Ethics, Utilitarianism, Universal Ethics
Virtue Ethics correct answers - Living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement
of a clear ideal
- Criticism: societies can place different emphasis on different virtues
Utilitarianism correct answers - Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest
number of people
- Criticism: idea that the ends justify the means
Universal Ethics correct answers - Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely
moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation (Universal principles are seen to apply
to everyone, everywhere, all the time)
- Criticism: Reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good
Ethical Relativism correct answers Traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the
circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles
- Implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black and white rules
- Offers the comfort of being a part of the ethical majority in the community or society
Ethical Dilemmas correct answers - Situations where there are no obvious right or wrong
decisions, but rather a right or right answer
- Occurs when the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice knowing full well
that one is: leaving an equally right choice undone or likely to suffer something bad as a result of
that choice
- Contracting a personal ethical principle in making that choice
- Abandoning an ethical value of one's community or society in making that choice
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas correct answers - Sleep Test Ethics
- 3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems
- Arthur Dobrin's Questions
Sleep Test Ethics correct answers - Ethics of Institution
- Individuals should rely on their personal insights, feelings, and instincts
3 Step Process for Solving Ethical Problems correct answers - Analyze the consequences (Who
is impacted?)
- Analyze the actions (Consider all options)
- Make a decision (Based on both steps above)
Arthur Dobrin's Questions correct answers - What are the facts?
, - What can one guess about the facts that one doesn't know?
- What do the facts mean?
- What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved?
- What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another?
- What does one's feelings tell oneself?
- What will one think if one decides one thing or another?
- Can one explain and justify one's decisions to others?
Application of Arthur Dobrin's model is based on one of the following key assumptions: correct
answers - Sufficient time is the degree of contemplation that these questions require
- Enough information is available to answer the questions
- Dilemma presents alternative resolutions for one to select from
Ethical Reasoning correct answers - Looking at the information available while resolving an
ethical dilemma
- Drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to one's own ethical standards
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Ethical Reasoning correct answers Stage 1: Preconventional
Level -> Social Orientation: obedience and punishment
Stage 2: Social Orientation: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
Stage 3: Conventional Level -> Social orientation: good boy / nice girl
Stage 4: Social orientation: law and order
Stage 5: Postconventional -> Social orientation: social contract
Stage 6: Social orientation: Principled conscience
Law correct answers - A body of rules, action, and conduct prescribed by controlling authority
and having legal binding force
- Law is what society will enforce
- Creates duties, obligations, and rights
Jurisprudence correct answers - Defined as the science and philosophy of law
- From Latin: Juris (Law) + Prudence (Wisdom)
Purposes of Law correct answers - Defines rules of conduct and consequences for the violation
of those rules (So we know what is expected)
- Provides a method for resolving disputes -> Eliminating the need for self-help and the violence
and economic disruption that it brings
- Promotes good faith dealing in commerce -> eliminating sharp practices and thereby
facilitating commerce
- Gives some degree of reliability in business planning and commercial transactions -> also
facilitating commerce
- Promotes equality and justice -> Antidiscrimination laws in employment / where else?
** The most important purpose of law is to provide a method for resolving disputes
Language of the Law correct answers A basic understanding of legal terminology is useful:
- Legal terms are sometimes referred to as jargon or legalese
