ITLS 9TH EDITION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Normal adult heart rate - (ANSWER)60-100 beats per minute
normal adult respiratory rate - (ANSWER)12-20 breaths per minute
Normal adult blood pressure - (ANSWER)120/80 mmHg
flail chest - (ANSWER)A condition in which two or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or in
association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached
from the rest of the thoracic cage.
Signs and symptoms of flail chest - (ANSWER)Paradoxical movement of the chest, decreased lung
volumes, decreased lung compliance, pain to fracture site
open pneumothorax (sucking chest wound) - (ANSWER)Accumulation of air in pleural space resulting in
a partial collapsed lung. The persistent open wound equalizes in thoracic pressure with atmospheric
pressure resulting in a collapsed lung
Signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax - (ANSWER)Sucking chest wound
Sudden chest pain
Dyspena
Rapid/shallow breathing
Rapid heart rate
Hypoxia
Massive hemothorax - (ANSWER)Collection of blood >1000 mL in the pleural space, requires a chest
drain to treat
Signs and symptoms of massive hemothorax - (ANSWER)Hypovolaemia
Respiratory compromise
Hypotension
, ITLS 9TH EDITION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Cool and clammy
Diaphoretic, pale
Dull sounds
Absent or partial breaths on affected side
tension pneumothorax - (ANSWER)a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is
prevented from escaping creating an increase in thoracic pressure
signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax - (ANSWER)dyspnea, rapid/weak pulse,
rapid/shallow breaths,
decreased lung compliance,
unilateral decreased/absent breath sounds,
decreased blood pressure,
jugular vein dissension,
subcutaneous emphysema,
cyanosis,
tracheal deviation to affected side
cardiac tamponade - (ANSWER)acute compression of the heart caused by rapid fluid accumulation in the
pericardial cavity
Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade - (ANSWER)Beck's Triad: prescense of JVD, muffled heart
sounds, and hypotension
Paradoxical pulse : inhalation pressure decreases exhalation pressure increases
Tracheal midline
myocardial contusion - (ANSWER)bruising of the heart muscle
Signs and symptoms of myocardial contusion - (ANSWER)chest pain,
Normal adult heart rate - (ANSWER)60-100 beats per minute
normal adult respiratory rate - (ANSWER)12-20 breaths per minute
Normal adult blood pressure - (ANSWER)120/80 mmHg
flail chest - (ANSWER)A condition in which two or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or in
association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached
from the rest of the thoracic cage.
Signs and symptoms of flail chest - (ANSWER)Paradoxical movement of the chest, decreased lung
volumes, decreased lung compliance, pain to fracture site
open pneumothorax (sucking chest wound) - (ANSWER)Accumulation of air in pleural space resulting in
a partial collapsed lung. The persistent open wound equalizes in thoracic pressure with atmospheric
pressure resulting in a collapsed lung
Signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax - (ANSWER)Sucking chest wound
Sudden chest pain
Dyspena
Rapid/shallow breathing
Rapid heart rate
Hypoxia
Massive hemothorax - (ANSWER)Collection of blood >1000 mL in the pleural space, requires a chest
drain to treat
Signs and symptoms of massive hemothorax - (ANSWER)Hypovolaemia
Respiratory compromise
Hypotension
, ITLS 9TH EDITION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Cool and clammy
Diaphoretic, pale
Dull sounds
Absent or partial breaths on affected side
tension pneumothorax - (ANSWER)a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is
prevented from escaping creating an increase in thoracic pressure
signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax - (ANSWER)dyspnea, rapid/weak pulse,
rapid/shallow breaths,
decreased lung compliance,
unilateral decreased/absent breath sounds,
decreased blood pressure,
jugular vein dissension,
subcutaneous emphysema,
cyanosis,
tracheal deviation to affected side
cardiac tamponade - (ANSWER)acute compression of the heart caused by rapid fluid accumulation in the
pericardial cavity
Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade - (ANSWER)Beck's Triad: prescense of JVD, muffled heart
sounds, and hypotension
Paradoxical pulse : inhalation pressure decreases exhalation pressure increases
Tracheal midline
myocardial contusion - (ANSWER)bruising of the heart muscle
Signs and symptoms of myocardial contusion - (ANSWER)chest pain,
