NR 568 Midterm Pharmacology Review – Antimicrobials, Antivirals, Antifungals, Hormones, Contraceptives, Urologic Agents, Cardiovascular, Electrolyte, and Renal Medications with Mechanisms, Adverse Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Patient Education, and

NR 568 Midterm Pharmacology Review – Antimicrobials, Antivirals, Antifungals, Hormones, Contraceptives, Urologic Agents, Cardiovascular, Electrolyte, and Renal Medications with Mechanisms, Adverse Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Patient Education, and Laboratory Monitoring Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) Antifungal: systemic mycoses Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Mechanism of Action Binds to components of the fungal cell membrane-increasing permeability. This results in intracellular leakage, which reduces the organism's viability. Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Adverse Effects (Intrathecal) Infusion reactions, Nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia, Hematologic effects Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Precautions Renal Impairment Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Interactions Other nephrotoxic meds, flucytosine Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Education IV administration Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Labs BMP, CBC Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) Antifungal: broad spectrum fungal pathogens Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Mechanism of Action Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol (sterol), resulting in increased membrane permeability and leakage of cellular components. Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Adverse Effects GI upset, Cardiac suppression, Hepatic injury Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Precautions Hepatic dysfunction, Heart failure Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Interactions PPIs, CYP3A4 inhibitors Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Education Take with food/cola Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Labs BMP, Coagulation, Serum Drug Levels Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) Antifungal: aspergillus and candida infections Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Mechanism of Action Inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-1,3-d-glucan, an essential fungal cell wall component. Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Adverse Effects Histamine-mediated reactions, Injection site reactions Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Precautions Embryotoxic, Hepatic impairment Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Interactions Drugs that induce CYP450 enzymes, tacrolimus, cyclosporine Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Education IV administration Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Labs LFTs, Serum Drug Levels Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) Antifungal: Candida and C. neoformans Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Mechanism of Action Taken up by fungal cells and converted to the powerful antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These metabolites disrupt fungal DNA and RNA synthesis. Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Adverse Effects Hematologic effects, Hepatotoxicity Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Precautions Renal Impairment, Hematologic disorders, Bone Marrow suppression Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Interactions amphotericin b, cisapride, pimozide, dofetilide, quinidine Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Dose 50 - 150 mg/kg/day administered in four divided doses at 6-hour intervals. Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Labs BMP, CBC, LFTs, Serum Drug Levels Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) Antifungal: tinea and onycho-mycosis Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) - Mechanism of Action Inhibits squalene epoxidase with resultant inhibition of ergosterol synthesis. Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) - Adverse Effects GI upset, Skin reactions, Altered taste, Hepatotoxicity Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) - Precautions Hepatic disease Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) - Interactions Rifampin, cimetidine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, amiodarone, caffeine, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, and beta-blockers Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil) - Education