BIOL 252 Human Anatomy &
Physiology II w/Lab | Module 2
Exam Review 2025
Instructions: This is a review exam for Module 2, covering the cardiovascular system, including blood,
heart, and vessels. Select the best answer for each question. The correct answer is indicated by a
**asterisks**, followed by a rationale.
Module 2: Blood, Heart, and Cardiovascular Physiology
1. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood?
a) Transportation of hormones, nutrients, and wastes
b) Regulation of body temperature and pH
c) **Production of hormones**
d) Protection against infection through leukocytes
• Rationale: Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and tissues, not by the blood itself.
Blood's role is to transport hormones. The other options are key functions of blood: transport,
regulation (temperature, pH), and protection (immunity, clotting) .
2. The formed elements of blood include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Erythrocytes
b) Leukocytes
c) **Plasma proteins**
d) Thrombocytes
• Rationale: Formed elements are the cellular components of blood (red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets). Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) are dissolved in the plasma,
the liquid extracellular matrix, and are not considered "formed elements."
3. A hematocrit test measures the percentage of which component in whole blood?
a) White blood cells
b) Plasma
c) **Erythrocytes**
d) Platelets
• Rationale: Hematocrit, or packed cell volume (PCV), is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) to the total volume of blood. It is a standard lab test to assess for conditions like
anemia or polycythemia .
,4. The protein found in erythrocytes that is responsible for oxygen transport is:
a) Fibrinogen
b) Albumin
c) **Hemoglobin**
d) Globulin
• Rationale: Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein within red blood cells containing heme groups that
bind oxygen. Fibrinogen is for clotting, albumin maintains osmotic pressure, and globulins
function in immunity and transport.
5. Which plasma protein is the primary contributor to maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?
a) **Albumin**
b) Prothrombin
c) Fibrinogen
d) Gamma globulin
• Rationale: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and is crucial for maintaining the
blood's colloid osmotic pressure, which helps retain fluid within the capillaries.
6. The process of leukocytes moving through the walls of capillaries to reach a site of infection is
called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) **Diapedesis**
c) Chemotaxis
d) Agglutination
• Rationale: Diapedesis, also known as emigration, is the process by which leukocytes squeeze
through the endothelial cells of blood vessel walls to enter the surrounding tissue. Chemotaxis is
the chemical signaling that guides them.
7. A patient presents with a high fever and a bacterial infection. Which type of leukocyte would you
expect to see elevated on a differential white blood cell count?
a) Lymphocytes
b) Eosinophils
c) **Neutrophils**
d) Basophils
• Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are the first
responders to bacterial infections through phagocytosis. An elevated neutrophil count
(neutrophilia) is a classic sign of bacterial infection .
8. Which leukocytes are granular and release histamine, contributing to inflammation and allergic
reactions?
a) Monocytes and Lymphocytes
b) Neutrophils and Eosinophils
c) **Basophils**
d) All of the above
, • Rationale: Basophils are granulocytes that release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin
(anticoagulant) in response to allergens, playing a central role in hypersensitivity reactions.
9. The primary function of platelets (thrombocytes) is:
a) Oxygen transport
b) Antibody production
c) **Hemostasis**
d. Phagocytosis of bacteria
• Rationale: Platelets are cell fragments essential for hemostasis, the process of stopping
bleeding. They form a temporary plug and release chemicals that activate the clotting cascade .
10. Which of the following describes the correct order of the hemostasis process?
a) Coagulation → Vascular Spasm → Platelet Plug Formation
b) **Vascular Spasm → Platelet Plug Formation → Coagulation**
c) Platelet Plug Formation → Coagulation → Vascular Spasm
d) Coagulation → Platelet Plug Formation → Fibrinolysis
• Rationale: Hemostasis occurs in a sequential order: 1) Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction), 2)
Formation of a temporary "platelet plug," and 3) Coagulation (blood clotting) which reinforces
the plug with fibrin threads .
11. The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during coagulation is directly catalyzed by:
a) Prothrombin
b) Calcium ions
c) **Thrombin**
d) Tissue factor (Factor III)
• Rationale: Thrombin is the key enzyme that converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into
insoluble fibrin threads, which form the meshwork of a stable clot.
12. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at the activation of which factor?
a) Factor VIII
b) **Factor X**
c) Factor IX
d) Prothrombin
• Rationale: Both the intrinsic (slower, initiated by internal vessel damage) and extrinsic (rapid,
initiated by external trauma) pathways lead to the activation of Factor X. Factor X then initiates
the common pathway.
13. Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency in:
a) Iron
b) **Vitamin B12**
c) Folic acid
d) Erythropoietin
Physiology II w/Lab | Module 2
Exam Review 2025
Instructions: This is a review exam for Module 2, covering the cardiovascular system, including blood,
heart, and vessels. Select the best answer for each question. The correct answer is indicated by a
**asterisks**, followed by a rationale.
Module 2: Blood, Heart, and Cardiovascular Physiology
1. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood?
a) Transportation of hormones, nutrients, and wastes
b) Regulation of body temperature and pH
c) **Production of hormones**
d) Protection against infection through leukocytes
• Rationale: Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and tissues, not by the blood itself.
Blood's role is to transport hormones. The other options are key functions of blood: transport,
regulation (temperature, pH), and protection (immunity, clotting) .
2. The formed elements of blood include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Erythrocytes
b) Leukocytes
c) **Plasma proteins**
d) Thrombocytes
• Rationale: Formed elements are the cellular components of blood (red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets). Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) are dissolved in the plasma,
the liquid extracellular matrix, and are not considered "formed elements."
3. A hematocrit test measures the percentage of which component in whole blood?
a) White blood cells
b) Plasma
c) **Erythrocytes**
d) Platelets
• Rationale: Hematocrit, or packed cell volume (PCV), is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) to the total volume of blood. It is a standard lab test to assess for conditions like
anemia or polycythemia .
,4. The protein found in erythrocytes that is responsible for oxygen transport is:
a) Fibrinogen
b) Albumin
c) **Hemoglobin**
d) Globulin
• Rationale: Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein within red blood cells containing heme groups that
bind oxygen. Fibrinogen is for clotting, albumin maintains osmotic pressure, and globulins
function in immunity and transport.
5. Which plasma protein is the primary contributor to maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?
a) **Albumin**
b) Prothrombin
c) Fibrinogen
d) Gamma globulin
• Rationale: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and is crucial for maintaining the
blood's colloid osmotic pressure, which helps retain fluid within the capillaries.
6. The process of leukocytes moving through the walls of capillaries to reach a site of infection is
called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) **Diapedesis**
c) Chemotaxis
d) Agglutination
• Rationale: Diapedesis, also known as emigration, is the process by which leukocytes squeeze
through the endothelial cells of blood vessel walls to enter the surrounding tissue. Chemotaxis is
the chemical signaling that guides them.
7. A patient presents with a high fever and a bacterial infection. Which type of leukocyte would you
expect to see elevated on a differential white blood cell count?
a) Lymphocytes
b) Eosinophils
c) **Neutrophils**
d) Basophils
• Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are the first
responders to bacterial infections through phagocytosis. An elevated neutrophil count
(neutrophilia) is a classic sign of bacterial infection .
8. Which leukocytes are granular and release histamine, contributing to inflammation and allergic
reactions?
a) Monocytes and Lymphocytes
b) Neutrophils and Eosinophils
c) **Basophils**
d) All of the above
, • Rationale: Basophils are granulocytes that release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin
(anticoagulant) in response to allergens, playing a central role in hypersensitivity reactions.
9. The primary function of platelets (thrombocytes) is:
a) Oxygen transport
b) Antibody production
c) **Hemostasis**
d. Phagocytosis of bacteria
• Rationale: Platelets are cell fragments essential for hemostasis, the process of stopping
bleeding. They form a temporary plug and release chemicals that activate the clotting cascade .
10. Which of the following describes the correct order of the hemostasis process?
a) Coagulation → Vascular Spasm → Platelet Plug Formation
b) **Vascular Spasm → Platelet Plug Formation → Coagulation**
c) Platelet Plug Formation → Coagulation → Vascular Spasm
d) Coagulation → Platelet Plug Formation → Fibrinolysis
• Rationale: Hemostasis occurs in a sequential order: 1) Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction), 2)
Formation of a temporary "platelet plug," and 3) Coagulation (blood clotting) which reinforces
the plug with fibrin threads .
11. The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during coagulation is directly catalyzed by:
a) Prothrombin
b) Calcium ions
c) **Thrombin**
d) Tissue factor (Factor III)
• Rationale: Thrombin is the key enzyme that converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into
insoluble fibrin threads, which form the meshwork of a stable clot.
12. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at the activation of which factor?
a) Factor VIII
b) **Factor X**
c) Factor IX
d) Prothrombin
• Rationale: Both the intrinsic (slower, initiated by internal vessel damage) and extrinsic (rapid,
initiated by external trauma) pathways lead to the activation of Factor X. Factor X then initiates
the common pathway.
13. Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency in:
a) Iron
b) **Vitamin B12**
c) Folic acid
d) Erythropoietin
