COPD Study Guide Review!!
COPD Definition - -Life Threatening lung disease -Occupational dusts and chemicals
that interferes with normal breathing - not just a "smokers -Environmental exposures
cough." It is a progressive disease state characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
Mixture of: COPD Pathophysiology - -Can cause fibrosis at the
-Airway disease bronchial lining
-Parenchymal destruction Hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells
-Abnormal pulmonary inflammation response Breakdown of alveolar walls - Honeycomb to balloon
Resulting in: Stimulation of goblet cells to produce more mucus.
-Chronic inflammation
-Lung elastic recoil decreases
-Expiratory small airway collapse Emphysema Airway - -
COPD - -Combination of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Clinical Presentation - -Hyperinflation
Emphysema of the lungs helps to prevent respiratory bronchioles from
collapsing
Chronic Bronchitis - -Excessive bronchial mucus.
Daily productive cough >3 months in 2 consecutive years. Cor Pulmonale - -Enlargement of the right side of
Bronchiolar fibrosis the heart due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary
Hyper-responsiveness blood vessels, usually caused by chronic lung disease.
Excessive mucus production Associated with Chronic Bronchitis
- hypertrophy of mucosal glands
- Increase in number of goblet cells
- Inflammatory infiltration Chronic Bronchitis Clinical Presentation - ->35 years
old*
Characteristic symptoms
Emphysema - -Abnormal permanent enlargement of - Chronic and progressive dyspnea
air space distal to terminal bronchiole. * Initially with heavy exertion
Destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis. * Occurs at rest with severe disease
Loss of elastic recoil leads to increased lung compliance. - Cough
Genetic risk factor *Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency*- may - Sputum production
not ever smoke. Other Symptoms
- Frequent winter onset
- Wheezing
COPD Epidemiology - -2004 - 64 million cases - Purse-lips breathing
worldwide, accounting for 6-10% of adult population - Right sided heart failure (Fluid retention)
2005 - 3 million related deaths (5% of all deaths) No clinical features/history suggestive of asthma
Total deaths are projected to increase by 30% in the next
10 years as a result of the baby boomer generation.
Affects men and women equally. COPD vs Asthma - -
50% of smokers are affected
80% of diagnosed patients have significant exposure to
tobacco smoke. Differences between Clinical Presentations of Emphysema
and Chronic Bronchitis - -1
Pronounced dyspnea
COPD Causes and Risk Factors - -Host factors Absence of Cough
-Genetic predisposition - hereditary deficiency of a-1- Absence of Sputum
antitrypsin glycoprotein Tachypnea
-Airway hyper-responsiveness Cachexic
-Retarded lung growth Hyperinflation presentation
Exposures - Barrel-chest
-Tobacco somke - Distant.diminished lung soungs
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COPD Definition - -Life Threatening lung disease -Occupational dusts and chemicals
that interferes with normal breathing - not just a "smokers -Environmental exposures
cough." It is a progressive disease state characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
Mixture of: COPD Pathophysiology - -Can cause fibrosis at the
-Airway disease bronchial lining
-Parenchymal destruction Hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells
-Abnormal pulmonary inflammation response Breakdown of alveolar walls - Honeycomb to balloon
Resulting in: Stimulation of goblet cells to produce more mucus.
-Chronic inflammation
-Lung elastic recoil decreases
-Expiratory small airway collapse Emphysema Airway - -
COPD - -Combination of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Clinical Presentation - -Hyperinflation
Emphysema of the lungs helps to prevent respiratory bronchioles from
collapsing
Chronic Bronchitis - -Excessive bronchial mucus.
Daily productive cough >3 months in 2 consecutive years. Cor Pulmonale - -Enlargement of the right side of
Bronchiolar fibrosis the heart due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary
Hyper-responsiveness blood vessels, usually caused by chronic lung disease.
Excessive mucus production Associated with Chronic Bronchitis
- hypertrophy of mucosal glands
- Increase in number of goblet cells
- Inflammatory infiltration Chronic Bronchitis Clinical Presentation - ->35 years
old*
Characteristic symptoms
Emphysema - -Abnormal permanent enlargement of - Chronic and progressive dyspnea
air space distal to terminal bronchiole. * Initially with heavy exertion
Destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis. * Occurs at rest with severe disease
Loss of elastic recoil leads to increased lung compliance. - Cough
Genetic risk factor *Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency*- may - Sputum production
not ever smoke. Other Symptoms
- Frequent winter onset
- Wheezing
COPD Epidemiology - -2004 - 64 million cases - Purse-lips breathing
worldwide, accounting for 6-10% of adult population - Right sided heart failure (Fluid retention)
2005 - 3 million related deaths (5% of all deaths) No clinical features/history suggestive of asthma
Total deaths are projected to increase by 30% in the next
10 years as a result of the baby boomer generation.
Affects men and women equally. COPD vs Asthma - -
50% of smokers are affected
80% of diagnosed patients have significant exposure to
tobacco smoke. Differences between Clinical Presentations of Emphysema
and Chronic Bronchitis - -1
Pronounced dyspnea
COPD Causes and Risk Factors - -Host factors Absence of Cough
-Genetic predisposition - hereditary deficiency of a-1- Absence of Sputum
antitrypsin glycoprotein Tachypnea
-Airway hyper-responsiveness Cachexic
-Retarded lung growth Hyperinflation presentation
Exposures - Barrel-chest
-Tobacco somke - Distant.diminished lung soungs
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