NEUROSCIENCE - EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NEUROSCIENCE - EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Joseph Gall - Answer-Curious of bump on skull Thought it correlated to bumps on brain Phrenology Bumps and depressions on skulls correlated to mental capabilities and mental illness Became a huge deal and people paid to be tested to know Started crainoscopy - used to measure the skull's bumps and depressions Told you about your personality, instructed who was criminals People used this to see if they were a good match with their partners Went too far but gave more information about his localization of function Discovery of the phrenological head A lot of it is wrong, except that language is in the frontal lobe (not right behind the eyes but close to that) Localization & Lateralization of Function - Answer-Functions may be localized to specific areas and to particular sides of the brain Lateralization: one hemisphere can perform a function that the other can not Ex: language typically in left hemisphere Paul Broca: (broken speech) - Answer-Patient was only able to say "tan" Right side body paralysis Lesions in left frontal lobe Leborgne "tan" lesion Creation of Broca's area: difficulty of speech production but can understand the speech they hear There are other cases where they have coherent words but they are jumbled Broca's patients know their condition Language comprehension and language production are in different area Carl Wernicke: late 19th century (wordy speech) - Answer-Patients can speak fluently, but doesn't make sense "Word salad" Damage to temporal gyrus Wernicke's area - speech comprehension Sometimes they don't realize that what they are saying doesn't make any sense, "why don't you understand me?" Damage to wernicke's area = wernicke's aphasia Able to identify area and speech processing network (more than just one area required Johannes Muller - Answer-Doctrine of specific nerve energies All energies that we have have a specific nerve energy Really have a specific nerve receptor Ex: vision through photoreceptors Receptors turn it into electrical energy and send it to the brain Different types of stimuli and the receptors handle the different stimuli by converting the stimuli energy and turning it into electrical energy Charles Darwin - Answer-Natural selection and the theory of evolution He noticed the many of the nervous systems had the same anatomical structure Bc of him we can use the animal systems to study human systems Brains are similar enough to translate to the human system Paul Broca - Answer-Experimental Ablation Technique where you experimentally lesion a part of the brain B4 that he was just observing his patients If someone had a stroke and lacked certain functions, when they died he would look at where the stroke impacted and the resulting deficit to work on the localization of function