NEUROSCIENCE EXAM (A)
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Ventricles - Answer-hollow spaces/ cavities within the brain
Purpose of Cerebrospinal fluid - Answer-• Serves as a cushion between CNS and
surrounding bone
• Aids in regulation of intracranial pressure
• Provides nourishment to nervous tissue
• Removes waste products from the CNS
- minimizes shock
- carries information
Summary of neurodevelopment - Answer-- nervous system starts as a hollow tube
- ectotherm thickens and forms plate
- Day 21- ridges touch and fuse to become neural tube
- Day 28- 3 chambers become ventricles
Spinal cord develops along the ___________ surface - Answer-ventral
Neural tube defects - Answer-occur if organism lacks nutrients
anencephaly - Answer-no brain forms
encephalocele - Answer-opening in skull and brain herniates out
spine bifida - Answer-herniation of the spinal cord
Prosencephalon - Answer-forebrain
Mesencephalon - Answer-midbrain
Rhombencephalon - Answer-hindbrain
Hind brain - Answer-1) myelencephalon
2) metencephalon
Myelencephalon - Answer-medulla
medulla - Answer-the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
metencephalon - Answer-pons and cerebellum
pons - Answer-A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the
rest of the brain
sleep & arousal
,cerebellum - Answer-Balance and coordination
Midbrain - Answer-superior collucus
inferior collucus
tectum
tegmentum
tectum - Answer-roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct
superior colliculi - Answer-visual information
inferior colliculi - Answer-auditory information
Tegmentum - Answer-(floor)
The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular
formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.
Reticular formation - Answer-receives sensory information & sends it
Periaqueductal gray matter - Answer-blocks are pain if we stimulate
red nuclus - Answer-motor output
substantia nigra - Answer-dopamine can cause oxidative damage
Forebrain - Answer-diencephalon: thalamus & hypothalamus
telecephalon: cerebral cortex
Diencephalon - Answer-thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus - Answer-"inner chamber"
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages
to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum
and medulla; "sensory router"
What is the one sense thalamus doesn't direct? - Answer-olfaction
What type of variable in an experiment is manipulated? - Answer-independent
Experimental ablation is the removal or destruction of brain tissue by either physical
or chemical means. True or false: Experimental ablation is used to determine the
function of the destroyed parts of the brain. - Answer-TRUE
Samples are drawn from the population that the researchers are interested in
studying. What is a sampling error? - Answer-when a sample is selected that is not
representative of the population
,The extent of damage from a burn on a person's arm is _________________;
whereas the pain the person feels from the burn is _________________ - Answer-
3rd person data; first person data
dorsal - Answer-back
ventral - Answer-Toward the belly
superior - Answer-toward the head
inferior - Answer-Lower on the body, farther from the head
anterior - Answer-front
posterior - Answer-back
medial - Answer-toward the midline
lateral - Answer-away from the midline
contralateral - Answer-on the opposite side of the body from another structure
ipsilateral - Answer-on the same side of the body as another structure
Types of cuts - Answer-sagittal, horizontal, coronal
sagittal - Answer-A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
horizontal - Answer-Going straight across from side to side
coronal - Answer-divides the body into slices from front to back
CNS collections of cell bodies - Answer-nuclei
CNS myelinated axons - Answer-tracts
PNS collections of cell bodies - Answer-ganglia
PNS bundles of myelinated axons - Answer-nerves
TRUE or FALSE: damage to the central nervous system is very easy to repair
compared to the peripheral - Answer-FALSE
What protects the CNS? - Answer-meninges
spine
skull
meninges - Answer-Surround the brain and spinal cord
dura mater- thick & rubbery under skull
arachnoid mater- spiderweb like
, pia mater- rubbery but thinner
Epidural space - Answer-space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral
canal
subdural space - Answer-space between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space - Answer-a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid
membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
hypothalamus - Answer-Controls four F's: Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Forking ;)
automatic nervous system and endocrine system
Controls release of hormones
Telecephalon - Answer-limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
Limbic system - Answer-Hippocampus, Fornix, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral
Cortex, Cortical Layering
Hippocampus - Answer-memory
- necessary for episodic memory but not procedural memory (Patient H.M)
Fornix - Answer-Responsible for carrying signals from hippocampus to thalamus and
mammillary bodies
Amygdala - Answer-- fear, pain, anxiety, assigns emotional meaning to events
Basal ganglia - Answer-a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional
movements
Dopaminergic circuitry- reward seeking/ motivation
What does Huntington's disease do? - Answer-causes loss of cells in basal ganglia
cerebral cortex - Answer-the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers
the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing
center
cortical layering - Answer-the formation of the six distinct layers of the adult cortex
inputting sensory info
defined by cell types & connections
What are the 4 lobes? - Answer-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
gray matter - Answer-cell bodies
white matter - Answer-myelinated axons
Cerebral cortex features - Answer-sulci, gyri, fissures
sulci - Answer-shallow grooves
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Ventricles - Answer-hollow spaces/ cavities within the brain
Purpose of Cerebrospinal fluid - Answer-• Serves as a cushion between CNS and
surrounding bone
• Aids in regulation of intracranial pressure
• Provides nourishment to nervous tissue
• Removes waste products from the CNS
- minimizes shock
- carries information
Summary of neurodevelopment - Answer-- nervous system starts as a hollow tube
- ectotherm thickens and forms plate
- Day 21- ridges touch and fuse to become neural tube
- Day 28- 3 chambers become ventricles
Spinal cord develops along the ___________ surface - Answer-ventral
Neural tube defects - Answer-occur if organism lacks nutrients
anencephaly - Answer-no brain forms
encephalocele - Answer-opening in skull and brain herniates out
spine bifida - Answer-herniation of the spinal cord
Prosencephalon - Answer-forebrain
Mesencephalon - Answer-midbrain
Rhombencephalon - Answer-hindbrain
Hind brain - Answer-1) myelencephalon
2) metencephalon
Myelencephalon - Answer-medulla
medulla - Answer-the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
metencephalon - Answer-pons and cerebellum
pons - Answer-A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the
rest of the brain
sleep & arousal
,cerebellum - Answer-Balance and coordination
Midbrain - Answer-superior collucus
inferior collucus
tectum
tegmentum
tectum - Answer-roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct
superior colliculi - Answer-visual information
inferior colliculi - Answer-auditory information
Tegmentum - Answer-(floor)
The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular
formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.
Reticular formation - Answer-receives sensory information & sends it
Periaqueductal gray matter - Answer-blocks are pain if we stimulate
red nuclus - Answer-motor output
substantia nigra - Answer-dopamine can cause oxidative damage
Forebrain - Answer-diencephalon: thalamus & hypothalamus
telecephalon: cerebral cortex
Diencephalon - Answer-thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus - Answer-"inner chamber"
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages
to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum
and medulla; "sensory router"
What is the one sense thalamus doesn't direct? - Answer-olfaction
What type of variable in an experiment is manipulated? - Answer-independent
Experimental ablation is the removal or destruction of brain tissue by either physical
or chemical means. True or false: Experimental ablation is used to determine the
function of the destroyed parts of the brain. - Answer-TRUE
Samples are drawn from the population that the researchers are interested in
studying. What is a sampling error? - Answer-when a sample is selected that is not
representative of the population
,The extent of damage from a burn on a person's arm is _________________;
whereas the pain the person feels from the burn is _________________ - Answer-
3rd person data; first person data
dorsal - Answer-back
ventral - Answer-Toward the belly
superior - Answer-toward the head
inferior - Answer-Lower on the body, farther from the head
anterior - Answer-front
posterior - Answer-back
medial - Answer-toward the midline
lateral - Answer-away from the midline
contralateral - Answer-on the opposite side of the body from another structure
ipsilateral - Answer-on the same side of the body as another structure
Types of cuts - Answer-sagittal, horizontal, coronal
sagittal - Answer-A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
horizontal - Answer-Going straight across from side to side
coronal - Answer-divides the body into slices from front to back
CNS collections of cell bodies - Answer-nuclei
CNS myelinated axons - Answer-tracts
PNS collections of cell bodies - Answer-ganglia
PNS bundles of myelinated axons - Answer-nerves
TRUE or FALSE: damage to the central nervous system is very easy to repair
compared to the peripheral - Answer-FALSE
What protects the CNS? - Answer-meninges
spine
skull
meninges - Answer-Surround the brain and spinal cord
dura mater- thick & rubbery under skull
arachnoid mater- spiderweb like
, pia mater- rubbery but thinner
Epidural space - Answer-space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral
canal
subdural space - Answer-space between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space - Answer-a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid
membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
hypothalamus - Answer-Controls four F's: Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Forking ;)
automatic nervous system and endocrine system
Controls release of hormones
Telecephalon - Answer-limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
Limbic system - Answer-Hippocampus, Fornix, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral
Cortex, Cortical Layering
Hippocampus - Answer-memory
- necessary for episodic memory but not procedural memory (Patient H.M)
Fornix - Answer-Responsible for carrying signals from hippocampus to thalamus and
mammillary bodies
Amygdala - Answer-- fear, pain, anxiety, assigns emotional meaning to events
Basal ganglia - Answer-a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional
movements
Dopaminergic circuitry- reward seeking/ motivation
What does Huntington's disease do? - Answer-causes loss of cells in basal ganglia
cerebral cortex - Answer-the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers
the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing
center
cortical layering - Answer-the formation of the six distinct layers of the adult cortex
inputting sensory info
defined by cell types & connections
What are the 4 lobes? - Answer-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
gray matter - Answer-cell bodies
white matter - Answer-myelinated axons
Cerebral cortex features - Answer-sulci, gyri, fissures
sulci - Answer-shallow grooves
