NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
Neural Tube Defects - Answer--encephalocele: when part of the brain protrudes from
the skull
-anencephaly: brain development ceases at the brainstem, child w/o cerebral
hemispheres
-spina bifida: cyst on back that may or may not involve the spinal cord
Skull Formation - Answer-arises from two sources
-praxial mesoderm
-neural crest
dividing line is the sella turcica (pituitary gland)
Pharyngeal Arches - Answer-face development, certain CN are formed from certain
arches
1: trigeminal
2: facial
3: glossopharyngeal
4 & 6: vagus
Treacher Collins Syndrome - Answer-malformed external ear, mandibular and malar
hypoplasia, conductive hearing loss
pharyngeal arch 2 is damaged
Tongue - Answer-CN 5, 7, 9, 12
5: anterior tongue
9: root of tongue
10: epiglottis
Holoprosencephaly - Answer-failure of brain cleavage
1 mass, no lobes
Neurogenesis - Answer-birth of new neurons
Ways Axons Move - Answer-association, projection, commissural
Three General Types of Cortex - Answer-neocortex: 6 layers, most complex
archicortex: mostly hippocampal formation
paleocortex: mostly olfactory cortex and entorhinal
Brodmann's Areas - Answer--scientist who looked at structure of neurons and
divided the brain into areas based on what the cells looked like (52)
-there's a lot to be done about mapping the brain -> brodmann's areas are not
sufficient
Prefrontal Cortex - Answer--located in frontal lobe
-fed by anterior cerebral artery
, Frontal Lobe Syndrome - Answer-apathy, decreased drive, poor grooming,
retardation, decreased attention, possible aphasia
Frontal Lobe Functions - Answer-executive functions: basic cognitive processes
during goal-oriented problem solving, initiation, attention, inhibition, working memory,
self monitoring, planning
Premotor Cortex - Answer-m1 = precentral gyrus
functions: planning movement and driving motor cortex
damage: paralysis of voluntary gaze, apraxia
Supplementary Motor Cortex - Answer-located in frontal lobe, also called SMA
functions: unclear, may play a role in initiating movement, bilateral coordination
Primary Motor Cortex - Answer-pre central gyrus or M1, cell bodies of UMN,
homunculus
located in frontal lobe
functions: contributes to CST, motor or mixed cranial nerves
lesions: spastic paralysis on opposite side
Mixed CN - Answer-5, 7, 9, 10
Motor CN - Answer-3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Sensory CN - Answer-1, 2, 8
UMN damage - Answer-spasticity, hyperflexia, hypertonia
Broca's Area - Answer-located in the frontal lobe, language production
lesions here are associated with Broca's aphasia
Somatosensory (primary sensory) Cortex - Answer-located in the parietal lobe
lesions cause loss of awareness of all sensory modalities on contralateral side
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri - Answer-located in the parietal lobe
writing, calculation, finger recognition, identify right vs. left
damage can lead to Gerstmann's syndrome
Left Neglect - Answer-right hemisphere damage
attention deficits
neglect of contralateral side and space
inability to draw
denial of illness
Temporal Cortex - Answer-inferior gyrus strongly involved in facial recognition and
appreciation of facial expression
fed by MCA
Primary Visual Cortex - Answer-occipital lobe
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
Neural Tube Defects - Answer--encephalocele: when part of the brain protrudes from
the skull
-anencephaly: brain development ceases at the brainstem, child w/o cerebral
hemispheres
-spina bifida: cyst on back that may or may not involve the spinal cord
Skull Formation - Answer-arises from two sources
-praxial mesoderm
-neural crest
dividing line is the sella turcica (pituitary gland)
Pharyngeal Arches - Answer-face development, certain CN are formed from certain
arches
1: trigeminal
2: facial
3: glossopharyngeal
4 & 6: vagus
Treacher Collins Syndrome - Answer-malformed external ear, mandibular and malar
hypoplasia, conductive hearing loss
pharyngeal arch 2 is damaged
Tongue - Answer-CN 5, 7, 9, 12
5: anterior tongue
9: root of tongue
10: epiglottis
Holoprosencephaly - Answer-failure of brain cleavage
1 mass, no lobes
Neurogenesis - Answer-birth of new neurons
Ways Axons Move - Answer-association, projection, commissural
Three General Types of Cortex - Answer-neocortex: 6 layers, most complex
archicortex: mostly hippocampal formation
paleocortex: mostly olfactory cortex and entorhinal
Brodmann's Areas - Answer--scientist who looked at structure of neurons and
divided the brain into areas based on what the cells looked like (52)
-there's a lot to be done about mapping the brain -> brodmann's areas are not
sufficient
Prefrontal Cortex - Answer--located in frontal lobe
-fed by anterior cerebral artery
, Frontal Lobe Syndrome - Answer-apathy, decreased drive, poor grooming,
retardation, decreased attention, possible aphasia
Frontal Lobe Functions - Answer-executive functions: basic cognitive processes
during goal-oriented problem solving, initiation, attention, inhibition, working memory,
self monitoring, planning
Premotor Cortex - Answer-m1 = precentral gyrus
functions: planning movement and driving motor cortex
damage: paralysis of voluntary gaze, apraxia
Supplementary Motor Cortex - Answer-located in frontal lobe, also called SMA
functions: unclear, may play a role in initiating movement, bilateral coordination
Primary Motor Cortex - Answer-pre central gyrus or M1, cell bodies of UMN,
homunculus
located in frontal lobe
functions: contributes to CST, motor or mixed cranial nerves
lesions: spastic paralysis on opposite side
Mixed CN - Answer-5, 7, 9, 10
Motor CN - Answer-3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Sensory CN - Answer-1, 2, 8
UMN damage - Answer-spasticity, hyperflexia, hypertonia
Broca's Area - Answer-located in the frontal lobe, language production
lesions here are associated with Broca's aphasia
Somatosensory (primary sensory) Cortex - Answer-located in the parietal lobe
lesions cause loss of awareness of all sensory modalities on contralateral side
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri - Answer-located in the parietal lobe
writing, calculation, finger recognition, identify right vs. left
damage can lead to Gerstmann's syndrome
Left Neglect - Answer-right hemisphere damage
attention deficits
neglect of contralateral side and space
inability to draw
denial of illness
Temporal Cortex - Answer-inferior gyrus strongly involved in facial recognition and
appreciation of facial expression
fed by MCA
Primary Visual Cortex - Answer-occipital lobe
