NSG 120 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 100% SURE PASS!!

NSG 120 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 100% SURE PASS!! Retinopathy signs & symptoms (diabetic) - ANSWER: Pathologic alteration of the retinal blood vessels affecting clarity and sharpness of vision. Characterized by microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, and the formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Occurs after DM onset. Macular degeneration signs & symptoms - ANSWER: Progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina. Early onset may include distortion of central vision. Usually painless and does not affect peripheral vision. May eventually lose all central vision. Otitis Media - ANSWER: inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity. Exudate builds up in the ear canal and puts pressure on the tympanic membrane. Asymptomatic but the pressure may cause pain or ear ache related to pressure. Otitis externa - ANSWER: Infection of the outer ear (ear canal); "Swimmer's ear" is a bacterial infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. Severe pain, a red, swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. purulent or watery drainage Ménière's syndrome - ANSWER: An inner ear or labyrinth disorder occurring in adults 30 to 50 years of age. It usually affects only one ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus, unilateral hearing loss. 2 | P a g e Otosclerosis - ANSWER: An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Conductive deafness, tinnitus, and gradual hearing loss of low and soft sounds Common Cold (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: Viral infection. Mucous membranes of the nose and pharynx are swollen and red. Fever, headache, sore throat, cough. Although difficult to avoid, hand hygiene can help with prevention. Rest and consumption of fluids to "treat". Sinusitis (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: Bacterial, secondary to a cold, that has obstructed a drainage passageway. Symptoms: pain in facial bones, congestion, fever, sore throat. Prevention with hand hygiene, treatment with antibiotics. Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: Viral infection in toddlers. Upper respiratory congestion, barking cough, hoarse voice, stridor. Usually recovers on its own but humidifier may help Ruptured Tympanic Membrane - ANSWER: Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of pressure, force, or insult from the exterior aspect, or it may be caused by increased pressure within the middle ear. Symptoms may include slight pain, partial hearing loss, or discharge/bleeding from the ear Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - ANSWER: usually a vestibular system disorder. The patient complains of his/her head spinning, becoming worse with movement of the head. They also may complain of a feeling that their surroundings are moving. 3 | P a g e Influenza (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: Viral infection affecting upper and lower respiratory tract. Differs from the common cold because it has a sudden, acute onset with fever, fatigue, and body aches. Secondary problem is bacterial pneumonia. Scarlet Fever (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: upper respiratory infection caused by streptococcus pyrogenes. Fever, sore throat, rash, and "Strawberry tongue". Can generally be treated with acetaminophen. Antihistamines reduce secretions. Secondary infection may include strep throat. Lung Cancer (S&S and Tx) - ANSWER: Benign is rare. 3rd most common cancer. Obstruction of airflow by tumor growth, Inflammation stimulates a cough, and usual systemic effects of cancer. Lung cancer is not always detected right away because it is masked with predisposing factors such as smoking. Early signs include a persistent cough, dyspnea, wheezing, detection on an x-ray, hemoptysis, chest pain. Treatment may include chemotherapy or resection. Aspiration (S&S and Tx) - ANSWER: Passage of fluid, food, vomit, etc. into the trachea and lungs. Right lung is often the destination for these things. This can lead to coughing, choking, stridor, wheezing, tachycardia, tachypnea. Easier to prevent than treat. Prevention... don't choke on things (: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (S&S and Tx) - ANSWER: Pharyngeal tissues collapse during sleep leading to periods of apnea (cessation of breathing). Usually diagnosed when a sleeping partner notices loud snoring and intermittent gasps for air. Related to chronic hypoxia and fatigue, Diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, 4 | P a g e right sided CHF, Erectile Dysfunction, Depression, and Daytime sleepiness. Treatment involves the use of a CPAP machine. Asthma (S&S and Tx) - ANSWER: Includes period episodes of severe bronchial obstruction in those with hypersensitive or hyper-reactive airways. May be acute (happening once) or chronic (lifetime). Inflammation, edema, increased secretions, contraction of smooth muscle. Cough, dyspnea, wheezing, tight chest, pt unable to talk. Treat with avoidance of triggers, good ventilation, and prophylactic medications. Pneumonia (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANSWER: S/S: Inflammation of the lungs: unilateral, bilateral, or all of infected lung The larger area affected, the more severe Adults: Cough, fever, shortness of breath at rest, chills, sweating, chest pain, cyanosis, blood in sputum Infant/Child: "panting" or shallow, rapid respirations Aspiration: aspiration of liquids or material into tracheobronchial tree Treatment: Based on the cause of the pneumonia Organism-specific antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia Tetracycline drugs, erythromycin, doxycycline, sulfonamides Mycoplasma treat with broad spectrum antibiotics Fungal infections treat with anti-fungal Viral infections treat with antiviral agents 5 | P a g e Use of analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, increased fluid intake, high calorie diet, postural drainage beneficial Prevention: Pneumococcal vaccine Cystic Fibrosis (S&S and Tx) - ANSWER: Inherited disorder in childhood. Defect in exocrine glands causing abnormally thick, tenacious sputum that obstructs the lungs. Distended abdomen, steatorrhea, failure to maintain weight and hit normal growth milestones. Requires replacement therapy for pancreatic enzymes, a well balanced diet, and intensive chest physiotherapy COPD - ANSWER: A group of chronic lung diseases characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction of lung airways. Some of these include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and asthma Emphysema - ANSWER: Destruction of the alveolar wall which leads to permanent damage and permanently inflated alveolar air sacs. BARREL CHEST. Loss of surface area for gas exchange, loss of pulmonary capillaries, and loss of elasticity. Dyspnea, hyperventilation, anorexia (may occur), fatigue, clubbed fingers. Treatment may include pulmonary rehab, bronchodilators, diet, breathing techniques. Causes of kidney stones - ANSWER: Kidney stones are also "calcium stones". Calcium stones form when calcium levels are high in the urine and hypercalcemia occurs. This may be due to a parathyroid tumor or a metabolic disorder. 6 | P a g e Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) - ANSWER: Renal cancer is a condition in which one or more malignant tumors develop in one or both kidneys. The most common primary tumor of the kidney occurs in the renal cortex and is termed renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Less common tumors include Wilm's tumor, a congenital renal tumor of childhood, and cancer of the renal pelvis. RCC Symptoms - ANSWER: The classic triad of symptoms of RCC is hematuria, abdominal mass, and flank pain. Less common signs and symptoms are weight loss, anemia, fever, hepatic dysfunction, and hypercalcemia. Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWER: [Infection] Changes in the bronchi from constant irritation from smoking or environmental factors. Constant productive cough, tachypnea, SOB, airway obstruction ABG analysis for exam - ANSWER: METABOLIC ALKALOSIS Hydronephoresis - ANSWER: abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract. Urolithiasis - ANSWER: Also known as kidney stones/ calculi. These are very common if underlying causes is not treated