CSD 431- CH 4 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPETE ANSWERS
Intensity parameters of speech pt. 2 - Answer-A potential range of about 40 dB exists
between average intensities of speech sounds
The most powerful phoneme, /ᴐ/, possesses an average of a bout 680 times as much
energy as the weakest phoneme, /θ/
The relative power of vowels is significantly greater than that of consonants.
The weakest vowel, /i/, has more energy than the most powerful consonant.
Frequency Parameters Speech - Answer-uSpeech is composed of frequencies from 50-
10,000 Hz
uThe greatest energy for male speech is around 500 Hz.
uPeople with high frequency hearing loss can hear male voices better
uVowels (low Hz)
uConsonants (high Hz)
uThe of the lower frequencies can be conceninenergytrationlargely attributed to the
fundamental frequency of the adult human voice
uFF males = 130 Hz; FF females = 226 Hz.
Frequency Parameters of Speech pt. 2 - Answer-The greatest amount of energy found
in speech generally is associated with frequencies below 1000 Hz.
In English, vowels are composed mainly of low- and mid-frequency energy and
contribute most of the acoustic power in speech.
The high intensity and spectral characteristics associated with the production of vowels
also plays a role.
Formants: points of peak amplitude.
-Provide important acoustic cues for the identification of vowels.
-Each vowel has several formants.
-We only need hear the first two or three to be able to accurately perceive the vowel
spoken.
,Although consonants contain relatively little overall energy—or intensity—they are
extremely important in determining the intelligibility of speech.
Accurate perception of consonants is vital.
Consonants:
-Demonstrate less intensity overall.
-Are much more diffuse in frequency distribution as a group.
-Voiced consonants possess a greater amount of low- and mid-frequency energy;
-Unvoiced consonants are made up of mid and high frequencies.
-Voiced-voiceless distinction is usually carried by low-frequency energy.
Vowels are generally characterized as having considerable acoustic energy.
For the most part confined to the low- and mid-frequency range.
Classification - Answer-classification system includes 5 features: (frequency
characteristics related to distinctive features associated with production)
1. Voicing;
2. Nasality;
3. Affrication;
4. Duration;
5. Place of articulation.
Suprasegmentals - Answer-Loudness, pitch, rate, stress, volume, length, juncture
Features present in speech but not confined to any single segment or phonemic
element.
These convey important information for speech perception.
Such information is primarily in the low frequencies through acoustic cues associated
with the fundamental frequency and other related aspects of speech.
Temporal patterns of speech - Answer-The overall rate of speech differs considerably
from speaker to speaker.
When a phoneme is produced with others in conversational speech, the following may
be altered significantly:
uIntensity
uFrequency
uDurational properties
the average rate of speech ranges from about 4.4 to 5.9 syllables per second.
Vowels have longer duration than consonants
, transitional cues - Answer-The acoustical byproducts produced by dynamic movements
of articulators in the production of adjacent phonemes.
-how fast vs. slow we speak, will affect how our transitional cues
Transitional cues make up a large portion of the total speech signal and are very
important in the perception of speech.
A voiced consonant in the final position is also often accompanied by increased duration
of the vowel immediately before it, which contributes to our perception of voicing in the
consonant that follows.
Speech perception involves - Answer-detection
discrimination
identification
attention
memory
comprehension
detection - Answer-u Being aware of sound. Do you hear the sound? Yes or no?
discrimination - Answer-u Distinguishing among the individual speech stimuli
(phonemes, syllables, etc.) of our language. Can distinguish between two different
phonemes (knowing that 'm' is different from 'a'
identification - Answer-: Identifying or labeling what one has heard by pointing to it or
naming
attention - Answer-u Attending to, or focusing on, the speaker and the message being
conveyed. The degree and quality of the listener's attention will influence how well
speech is perceived.
U Adults have greater attention; less variable than children
memory - Answer-u Retaining or storing verbal information for relatively brief periods or,
in some instances, extended lengths of time.
Closure: Process of bringing together perceived speech elements into a meaningful
whole. This helps a person recognize speech even when some cues are absent.
memory is harder for older patients
WITH COMPETE ANSWERS
Intensity parameters of speech pt. 2 - Answer-A potential range of about 40 dB exists
between average intensities of speech sounds
The most powerful phoneme, /ᴐ/, possesses an average of a bout 680 times as much
energy as the weakest phoneme, /θ/
The relative power of vowels is significantly greater than that of consonants.
The weakest vowel, /i/, has more energy than the most powerful consonant.
Frequency Parameters Speech - Answer-uSpeech is composed of frequencies from 50-
10,000 Hz
uThe greatest energy for male speech is around 500 Hz.
uPeople with high frequency hearing loss can hear male voices better
uVowels (low Hz)
uConsonants (high Hz)
uThe of the lower frequencies can be conceninenergytrationlargely attributed to the
fundamental frequency of the adult human voice
uFF males = 130 Hz; FF females = 226 Hz.
Frequency Parameters of Speech pt. 2 - Answer-The greatest amount of energy found
in speech generally is associated with frequencies below 1000 Hz.
In English, vowels are composed mainly of low- and mid-frequency energy and
contribute most of the acoustic power in speech.
The high intensity and spectral characteristics associated with the production of vowels
also plays a role.
Formants: points of peak amplitude.
-Provide important acoustic cues for the identification of vowels.
-Each vowel has several formants.
-We only need hear the first two or three to be able to accurately perceive the vowel
spoken.
,Although consonants contain relatively little overall energy—or intensity—they are
extremely important in determining the intelligibility of speech.
Accurate perception of consonants is vital.
Consonants:
-Demonstrate less intensity overall.
-Are much more diffuse in frequency distribution as a group.
-Voiced consonants possess a greater amount of low- and mid-frequency energy;
-Unvoiced consonants are made up of mid and high frequencies.
-Voiced-voiceless distinction is usually carried by low-frequency energy.
Vowels are generally characterized as having considerable acoustic energy.
For the most part confined to the low- and mid-frequency range.
Classification - Answer-classification system includes 5 features: (frequency
characteristics related to distinctive features associated with production)
1. Voicing;
2. Nasality;
3. Affrication;
4. Duration;
5. Place of articulation.
Suprasegmentals - Answer-Loudness, pitch, rate, stress, volume, length, juncture
Features present in speech but not confined to any single segment or phonemic
element.
These convey important information for speech perception.
Such information is primarily in the low frequencies through acoustic cues associated
with the fundamental frequency and other related aspects of speech.
Temporal patterns of speech - Answer-The overall rate of speech differs considerably
from speaker to speaker.
When a phoneme is produced with others in conversational speech, the following may
be altered significantly:
uIntensity
uFrequency
uDurational properties
the average rate of speech ranges from about 4.4 to 5.9 syllables per second.
Vowels have longer duration than consonants
, transitional cues - Answer-The acoustical byproducts produced by dynamic movements
of articulators in the production of adjacent phonemes.
-how fast vs. slow we speak, will affect how our transitional cues
Transitional cues make up a large portion of the total speech signal and are very
important in the perception of speech.
A voiced consonant in the final position is also often accompanied by increased duration
of the vowel immediately before it, which contributes to our perception of voicing in the
consonant that follows.
Speech perception involves - Answer-detection
discrimination
identification
attention
memory
comprehension
detection - Answer-u Being aware of sound. Do you hear the sound? Yes or no?
discrimination - Answer-u Distinguishing among the individual speech stimuli
(phonemes, syllables, etc.) of our language. Can distinguish between two different
phonemes (knowing that 'm' is different from 'a'
identification - Answer-: Identifying or labeling what one has heard by pointing to it or
naming
attention - Answer-u Attending to, or focusing on, the speaker and the message being
conveyed. The degree and quality of the listener's attention will influence how well
speech is perceived.
U Adults have greater attention; less variable than children
memory - Answer-u Retaining or storing verbal information for relatively brief periods or,
in some instances, extended lengths of time.
Closure: Process of bringing together perceived speech elements into a meaningful
whole. This helps a person recognize speech even when some cues are absent.
memory is harder for older patients
