CSD 431 EXAM 3 VOCAB QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Vision motion features - answer-likely very prominent/important for non biological
motion and helpful for biological motion as well
Exit. Shatter. Drip. Climb. Areas in the postero-lateral temporal cortex (pltc) are active
during observation of movement. Active for both biological/non biological movement
Action features - answer-likely very prominent/important for biological motion. Walk.
Pinch. Throw. Chew. Climb.
Kemmerer et al (2012) - answer-examines whether the same brain structures percieve
different types of motion. So whether you are watching a person jump (biological
movement), or a glass shatter r (non biological movement), the same area (the posterio-
lateral temporal cortex, pltc) is activated for both. Case study of person with pltc lesion -
severely impaired on multiple tests probing action concepts - especially visual motion.
Damage to action concepts like shatter, etc
Stimulation - answer-how we percieve an action, whether by imagination or by
observing someone else doing it. Same structures used for movement are also involved
in this.
Semantic somatotopy hypothesis - answer-while we comprehend a sentence with action
verbs, the premotor/primary motor cortex regions are activated. The idea that the
comprehension of verbs is supported by brain areas that support the
production/perception of the movement being encoded
Concept processing - answer-relies on modality specific brain systems/modality
invariant integrative mechanisms - the "hub"
Modality invariant system must bind info and organize concept-this is the hub
Semantic hub for verbs - answer-individuals with semantic dementia show difficulty
processing verbs as well as object nouns.
Anterior temporal lobe is still important for binding these verbs still. Dissociation
between verbs/nouns may have to do with semantic organization, not brain localization
of function. Dissociation shows that organization of the concepts that support verbs may
be less strict/more flexible.
Spokes - answer-sensory systems (involved in conceptual processing) gathering info
and they put it into the center, the hub which gathers all the info
Transitive verbs - answer-requires both an actor/object (two arguments) of the action
described - "stan threw the ball." transfer the action from one thing to another. I lent him
money.
, Intransitive verbs - answer-requires one argument - "sally died." she sleep
Ambitransitive verbs - answer-can either stand alone or with another component. Can
take an object or not - "grace sang." "grace sang 'happy birthday'" you can either say
someone sang and end the sentence there, or you can say they sang happy birthday,
which is both meaningful.
Thompson et al (2007) - answer-does comprehending transitive verbs activate different
parts of the brain than intransatives?
Difference in comprehension- fmri while participants did lexical decision task on different
verbs (indicating if verb is a word or not) with one- (intransative), two- (transative), and
three- argument verbs (e.g., i gave the book to him) findings: transative verbs activated
supramarginal gyrus/angual gyrus more than intransative - suggests that posterior peri
sylvian regions support processing argument structure.
If we are getting more activation in these areas, then these areas must be intact
Den ouden et al (2009) - answer-does producing transitive verbs activate different areas
than intransitive? Difference in production- fmri while participants named pictures or
videos of actions. Findings: naming transitive vs intransative verb activated areas
identified by thompson, but also left inferior frontal cortex including brocas area. People
with agrammatic aphasia often have more difficulty producing transitive than intransitive
verbs - these individuals often have lesions that include brocas area (though not
always)
Broca's aphasia has more disruption in verbs rather then nouns
Sentence comprehension - answer-some types of sentences more broadly affected
than others. There are specific lesion areas that seem to be particularly damaging. A lot
of brain area is supporting fully functional sentence comprehension. Asessing to
semantic properties of words. Building semantic properties of the sentences using those
words. Parsing. Building syntactic structure of the entire sentence. ***interpreting the
sentence with respect to both semantics/synatx, interpreting the sentence as a whole***
Parsing - answer-assessing syntactic roles of individual words are playing in the
sentences. As we go through a sentence, each word we hear, we determine the word
class and we figure out how it fits into the overall syntactic structure of the sentence. Ex.
The silly boy. First you assign the a role in the sentence and assume that it is the
subject of the sentence. Then you assess, silly and understand that it is an adjective.
Then identify the boy which is noun. As we are listening to a sentence, we must look at
the syntactic properties of it
Sentence processing - answer-behavioral evidence suggests that sentence processing
happens over a time course: time course of processing this info. Semantic info/syntactic
info may not be available for integration /combination at a the same rate
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Vision motion features - answer-likely very prominent/important for non biological
motion and helpful for biological motion as well
Exit. Shatter. Drip. Climb. Areas in the postero-lateral temporal cortex (pltc) are active
during observation of movement. Active for both biological/non biological movement
Action features - answer-likely very prominent/important for biological motion. Walk.
Pinch. Throw. Chew. Climb.
Kemmerer et al (2012) - answer-examines whether the same brain structures percieve
different types of motion. So whether you are watching a person jump (biological
movement), or a glass shatter r (non biological movement), the same area (the posterio-
lateral temporal cortex, pltc) is activated for both. Case study of person with pltc lesion -
severely impaired on multiple tests probing action concepts - especially visual motion.
Damage to action concepts like shatter, etc
Stimulation - answer-how we percieve an action, whether by imagination or by
observing someone else doing it. Same structures used for movement are also involved
in this.
Semantic somatotopy hypothesis - answer-while we comprehend a sentence with action
verbs, the premotor/primary motor cortex regions are activated. The idea that the
comprehension of verbs is supported by brain areas that support the
production/perception of the movement being encoded
Concept processing - answer-relies on modality specific brain systems/modality
invariant integrative mechanisms - the "hub"
Modality invariant system must bind info and organize concept-this is the hub
Semantic hub for verbs - answer-individuals with semantic dementia show difficulty
processing verbs as well as object nouns.
Anterior temporal lobe is still important for binding these verbs still. Dissociation
between verbs/nouns may have to do with semantic organization, not brain localization
of function. Dissociation shows that organization of the concepts that support verbs may
be less strict/more flexible.
Spokes - answer-sensory systems (involved in conceptual processing) gathering info
and they put it into the center, the hub which gathers all the info
Transitive verbs - answer-requires both an actor/object (two arguments) of the action
described - "stan threw the ball." transfer the action from one thing to another. I lent him
money.
, Intransitive verbs - answer-requires one argument - "sally died." she sleep
Ambitransitive verbs - answer-can either stand alone or with another component. Can
take an object or not - "grace sang." "grace sang 'happy birthday'" you can either say
someone sang and end the sentence there, or you can say they sang happy birthday,
which is both meaningful.
Thompson et al (2007) - answer-does comprehending transitive verbs activate different
parts of the brain than intransatives?
Difference in comprehension- fmri while participants did lexical decision task on different
verbs (indicating if verb is a word or not) with one- (intransative), two- (transative), and
three- argument verbs (e.g., i gave the book to him) findings: transative verbs activated
supramarginal gyrus/angual gyrus more than intransative - suggests that posterior peri
sylvian regions support processing argument structure.
If we are getting more activation in these areas, then these areas must be intact
Den ouden et al (2009) - answer-does producing transitive verbs activate different areas
than intransitive? Difference in production- fmri while participants named pictures or
videos of actions. Findings: naming transitive vs intransative verb activated areas
identified by thompson, but also left inferior frontal cortex including brocas area. People
with agrammatic aphasia often have more difficulty producing transitive than intransitive
verbs - these individuals often have lesions that include brocas area (though not
always)
Broca's aphasia has more disruption in verbs rather then nouns
Sentence comprehension - answer-some types of sentences more broadly affected
than others. There are specific lesion areas that seem to be particularly damaging. A lot
of brain area is supporting fully functional sentence comprehension. Asessing to
semantic properties of words. Building semantic properties of the sentences using those
words. Parsing. Building syntactic structure of the entire sentence. ***interpreting the
sentence with respect to both semantics/synatx, interpreting the sentence as a whole***
Parsing - answer-assessing syntactic roles of individual words are playing in the
sentences. As we go through a sentence, each word we hear, we determine the word
class and we figure out how it fits into the overall syntactic structure of the sentence. Ex.
The silly boy. First you assign the a role in the sentence and assume that it is the
subject of the sentence. Then you assess, silly and understand that it is an adjective.
Then identify the boy which is noun. As we are listening to a sentence, we must look at
the syntactic properties of it
Sentence processing - answer-behavioral evidence suggests that sentence processing
happens over a time course: time course of processing this info. Semantic info/syntactic
info may not be available for integration /combination at a the same rate
