NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST 2026 UPDATE|
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS /NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM ALREADY GRADED
A+
What are hemoglobinopathies?
Genetic abnormalities of hemoglobin structure or synthesis
Mutation in sickle‑cell disease?
Hemoglobin S (HbS) point mutation
How does sickling cause anemia?
Sickled RBCs rupture early and block vessels
Two major sickle‑cell complications?
Pain crises and splenic sequestration
Why is erythropoiesis ineffective in sickle‑cell disease?
Bone marrow cannot replace destroyed cells fast enough
What causes coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerotic plaque buildup in coronary arteries
What underlies atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury, lipid deposition, and chronic inflammation
List CAD risk factors?
Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, genetic
predisposition
What results from CAD progression?
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
What happens when a plaque ruptures?
Thrombus formation leading to heart attack
Define heart failure.
pg. 1
,Inability of heart to pump or fill adequately to meet body's needs
Left‑sided heart failure symptoms?
Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, orthopnea
Right‑sided heart failure symptoms?
Peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly
Most common cause of right‑sided heart failure?
Left‑sided heart failure
How does heart failure affect systemic circulation?
Low perfusion, fatigue, activation of RAAS and sympathetic systems
Define valvular heart disease.
Abnormal structure or function of cardiac valves
What happens in stenosis?
Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
What happens in regurgitation?
Blood flows backward reducing forward output
Causes of aortic stenosis?
Congenital defects, calcification, rheumatic heart disease
Untreated aortic stenosis leads to?
Left‑ventricular hypertrophy, ischemia, heart failure
How are obstructive lung diseases characterized?
Limited airflow during expiration due to inflammation or mucus
List examples of obstructive diseases?
Asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
How are restrictive lung diseases characterized?
Reduced lung expansion and lung volume
pg. 2
, Define ventilation‑perfusion mismatch.
Imbalance between alveolar ventilation and blood perfusion
Which two conditions compose COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What causes COPD?
Chronic exposure to smoke or irritants causing airway inflammation
Genetic risk factor for COPD?
Alpha‑1 antitrypsin deficiency
Difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
Emphysema destroys alveolar walls; bronchitis causes mucus
hypersecretion and airway edema
How does COPD lead to hypoxemia?
Damaged alveoli reduce oxygen diffusion
How do kidneys respond to chronic hypoxia?
Increase erythropoietin production causing polycythemia
Why does pulmonary hypertension develop in COPD?
Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction increasing pulmonary vascular
resistance
What antibodies primarily drive Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE antibodies
Which cells become sensitized in Type I hypersensitivity?
Mast cells and basophils
What mediators are released upon allergen exposure in Type I
hypersensitivity?
Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines
What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity?
pg. 3
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS /NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM ALREADY GRADED
A+
What are hemoglobinopathies?
Genetic abnormalities of hemoglobin structure or synthesis
Mutation in sickle‑cell disease?
Hemoglobin S (HbS) point mutation
How does sickling cause anemia?
Sickled RBCs rupture early and block vessels
Two major sickle‑cell complications?
Pain crises and splenic sequestration
Why is erythropoiesis ineffective in sickle‑cell disease?
Bone marrow cannot replace destroyed cells fast enough
What causes coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerotic plaque buildup in coronary arteries
What underlies atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury, lipid deposition, and chronic inflammation
List CAD risk factors?
Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, genetic
predisposition
What results from CAD progression?
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
What happens when a plaque ruptures?
Thrombus formation leading to heart attack
Define heart failure.
pg. 1
,Inability of heart to pump or fill adequately to meet body's needs
Left‑sided heart failure symptoms?
Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, orthopnea
Right‑sided heart failure symptoms?
Peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly
Most common cause of right‑sided heart failure?
Left‑sided heart failure
How does heart failure affect systemic circulation?
Low perfusion, fatigue, activation of RAAS and sympathetic systems
Define valvular heart disease.
Abnormal structure or function of cardiac valves
What happens in stenosis?
Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
What happens in regurgitation?
Blood flows backward reducing forward output
Causes of aortic stenosis?
Congenital defects, calcification, rheumatic heart disease
Untreated aortic stenosis leads to?
Left‑ventricular hypertrophy, ischemia, heart failure
How are obstructive lung diseases characterized?
Limited airflow during expiration due to inflammation or mucus
List examples of obstructive diseases?
Asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
How are restrictive lung diseases characterized?
Reduced lung expansion and lung volume
pg. 2
, Define ventilation‑perfusion mismatch.
Imbalance between alveolar ventilation and blood perfusion
Which two conditions compose COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What causes COPD?
Chronic exposure to smoke or irritants causing airway inflammation
Genetic risk factor for COPD?
Alpha‑1 antitrypsin deficiency
Difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
Emphysema destroys alveolar walls; bronchitis causes mucus
hypersecretion and airway edema
How does COPD lead to hypoxemia?
Damaged alveoli reduce oxygen diffusion
How do kidneys respond to chronic hypoxia?
Increase erythropoietin production causing polycythemia
Why does pulmonary hypertension develop in COPD?
Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction increasing pulmonary vascular
resistance
What antibodies primarily drive Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE antibodies
Which cells become sensitized in Type I hypersensitivity?
Mast cells and basophils
What mediators are released upon allergen exposure in Type I
hypersensitivity?
Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines
What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity?
pg. 3
