NUR-631 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology Latest 2026
Update| Questions and Correct Verified Answers/Nr 631 Already
Graded A+
An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left
upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect
c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect - Answer -c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristically have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard
at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the
PDA is significant then the infant also will have bounding pulses an
active precordium, a thrill on palpation and signs and symptoms of
pulmonary over circulation. The presentations of the other congenital
heart defects are not consistent with the described the symptoms
pages 1203-1204
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver
c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating - Answer -c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by
older children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants
increase systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the
heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options would not result
in these changes. pg 1209
pg. 1
,An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would
likely exhibit which symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur
b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects - Answer -b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page
1203-1204
Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion
b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia - Answer -a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space.
page1254
Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment
of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids
b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants - Answer -a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although
corticosteroids may produce some improvement in the early, more
acute stages. page 1259
The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for
premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of
gestation?
pg. 2
,a. 16 and 24
b. 20 and 24
c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36 - Answer -d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36
weeks. The other options are not true regarding the timeframe when
the risk for RDS decreases. page 1292
What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS) of the newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc
c. Premature birth
d. Smoking during pregnancy - Answer -a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease
(HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature
newborns. page 1301
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of
the newborn?
a. Immature immune system
b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia - Answer -c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and
secondarily by a deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange.
page 1301
pg. 3
, What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging - Answer -c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant
hypoxemia and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a
significant negative inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli
with each breath. None of the other options are considered a primary
problem associated with RDS. page 1301
Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow
obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased
pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat
ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased
pulmonary
resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency - Answer -c.
Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat
ducts, and vas deferens
Exp: Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder
involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous
mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens. This selection is the only option that accurately describes
cystic fibrosis. pages 1310-1311
pg. 4
Update| Questions and Correct Verified Answers/Nr 631 Already
Graded A+
An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left
upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect
c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect - Answer -c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristically have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard
at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the
PDA is significant then the infant also will have bounding pulses an
active precordium, a thrill on palpation and signs and symptoms of
pulmonary over circulation. The presentations of the other congenital
heart defects are not consistent with the described the symptoms
pages 1203-1204
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver
c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating - Answer -c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by
older children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants
increase systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the
heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options would not result
in these changes. pg 1209
pg. 1
,An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would
likely exhibit which symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur
b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects - Answer -b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page
1203-1204
Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion
b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia - Answer -a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space.
page1254
Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment
of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids
b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants - Answer -a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although
corticosteroids may produce some improvement in the early, more
acute stages. page 1259
The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for
premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of
gestation?
pg. 2
,a. 16 and 24
b. 20 and 24
c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36 - Answer -d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36
weeks. The other options are not true regarding the timeframe when
the risk for RDS decreases. page 1292
What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS) of the newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc
c. Premature birth
d. Smoking during pregnancy - Answer -a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease
(HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature
newborns. page 1301
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of
the newborn?
a. Immature immune system
b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia - Answer -c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and
secondarily by a deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange.
page 1301
pg. 3
, What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging - Answer -c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant
hypoxemia and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a
significant negative inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli
with each breath. None of the other options are considered a primary
problem associated with RDS. page 1301
Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow
obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased
pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat
ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased
pulmonary
resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency - Answer -c.
Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat
ducts, and vas deferens
Exp: Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder
involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous
mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens. This selection is the only option that accurately describes
cystic fibrosis. pages 1310-1311
pg. 4
