UTA 2458 ARANDA EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Gluconeogenesis - ANS pathway used to create glucose from other molecules and store
needed energy for brain in the form of glucose.
(glycolysis: converting glucose into energy in reverse)
Acid-based hormones - ANS such as epinephrine ; water soluble molecules derived from
amino acids ; binds to protein receptors outside of cell ; second messengers inside cell activates
enzymes to influence gene expression
Endocrine gland - ANS - produce hormones
-do not have ducts
-secrete hormones internally
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract - ANS allows hypothalamic hormones to be transported to
the anterior pituitary
Diabetes mellitus - ANS type 1: does not produce insulin; autoimmune condition begins in
childhood
type 2: the pancreas usually makes insulin but not enough or body resists it
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Oxytocin - ANS secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of
the uterus during childbirth
antidiuretic hormone - ANS made by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary,
regulates and balances amount of water in blood
Effects of histamine - ANS blood clots, frequent heartbeat, swelling and inflammation,
adrenaline released, blood vessels dilate, gastric acid secretion, increased permeability of
capillaries
changes with hormone stimulus - ANS ( negative feedback)
humoral stimuli [blood]- control of release in response to changes in blood or ion concentration
hormonal: release of hormone in response to another hormone
neural: nervous system; preganglionic fibers stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones
tissue and organ response to hormones - ANS 1) steroid hormones pass through cell
membrane of target cell
2) steroid bonds with specific receptor in cytoplasm
3) receptor binds to steroid travels to nucleus an binds to another specific receptor on
chromatic [gene transcription]
4) transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
steroid hormone action - ANS the hormone passes through the membrane due to its
chemical nature where it joins with an intracellular receptor then a DNA receptor protein which
then activates or deactivates a gene
target hormones of the endocrine gland - ANS anterior pituitary: growth, thyroid stimulation,
adrenocorticotropic, prolactin, luteinizing, follicle
posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Gluconeogenesis - ANS pathway used to create glucose from other molecules and store
needed energy for brain in the form of glucose.
(glycolysis: converting glucose into energy in reverse)
Acid-based hormones - ANS such as epinephrine ; water soluble molecules derived from
amino acids ; binds to protein receptors outside of cell ; second messengers inside cell activates
enzymes to influence gene expression
Endocrine gland - ANS - produce hormones
-do not have ducts
-secrete hormones internally
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract - ANS allows hypothalamic hormones to be transported to
the anterior pituitary
Diabetes mellitus - ANS type 1: does not produce insulin; autoimmune condition begins in
childhood
type 2: the pancreas usually makes insulin but not enough or body resists it
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Oxytocin - ANS secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of
the uterus during childbirth
antidiuretic hormone - ANS made by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary,
regulates and balances amount of water in blood
Effects of histamine - ANS blood clots, frequent heartbeat, swelling and inflammation,
adrenaline released, blood vessels dilate, gastric acid secretion, increased permeability of
capillaries
changes with hormone stimulus - ANS ( negative feedback)
humoral stimuli [blood]- control of release in response to changes in blood or ion concentration
hormonal: release of hormone in response to another hormone
neural: nervous system; preganglionic fibers stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones
tissue and organ response to hormones - ANS 1) steroid hormones pass through cell
membrane of target cell
2) steroid bonds with specific receptor in cytoplasm
3) receptor binds to steroid travels to nucleus an binds to another specific receptor on
chromatic [gene transcription]
4) transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
steroid hormone action - ANS the hormone passes through the membrane due to its
chemical nature where it joins with an intracellular receptor then a DNA receptor protein which
then activates or deactivates a gene
target hormones of the endocrine gland - ANS anterior pituitary: growth, thyroid stimulation,
adrenocorticotropic, prolactin, luteinizing, follicle
posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
