EDapt Asthma Advanced Patho
physiology Test Questions and All
Correct Answers.
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Introduction to Asthma - Answer - Asthma is a complex, obstructive lung disease with airway
inflammation and bronchoconstriction due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Airway
hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli is a crucial feature that leads to the inflammation and
bronchoconstriction experienced by clients living with asthma.
- Asthma has defining characteristics of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that
vary over time and in intensity. Asthma affects all ages but is most common in children and
younger adults.
Asthma results in (...). Changes in airflow may cause partial or total airway obstruction, leading
to (...)
Increased alveolar oxygenation, increased alveolar perfusion, decreased alveolar ventilation
Bradycardia, emphysema, hypoxia - Answer Decreased alveolar ventilation
Hypoxia
Which physiological process causes wheezing during an exacerbation of asthma?
- Air passing through the alveoli filled with mucus during inhalation and exhalation
- Air passing through the nose due to partial blockage of the epiglottis
- Air passing through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation
- Air passing enlarged tonsils into a narrowed trachea during inhalation - Answer - Air passing
through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation
Pathophysiology of Asthma - Answer - In asthma, an allergen or irritant exposure causes
immune activation, while mast cell degranulation is triggered by immune factors that bind to
the allergen or irritant as it enters the airway. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals and
vasoactive mediators. Vasoactive mediators cause vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability, while chemotactic mediators result in cellular infiltration.
- With continued exposure to an allergen or irritant, the client experiences airway
bronchospasm, acute inflammation, mucus production that accumulates in the lungs, alveoli
hyperinflation with consolidation, and eventually epithelial erosion and fibrosis. The outcome is
bronchial hyperresponsiveness and partial or total airway obstruction.
, Asthma and Gas Exchange - Answer - As with other obstructive lung diseases, asthma has an
underlying gas exchange problem and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q mismatch). Thick mucus,
mucosal edema, and bronchospasms obstruct small airways; breathing becomes labored, and
expiration is difficult. Hyperventilation sets in as lung receptors respond to airway obstruction
and increase lung volume—early hypoxia, then hypoxemia sets in with decreased PaCO2 and
increased pH (respiratory alkalosis).
- With ongoing expiratory airflow obstruction, air trapping becomes severe, and breathing in
and out becomes difficult. The lungs and thorax become hyperexpanded, and accessory muscles
are used for breathing, leading to the following:
* decreased tidal volume (TV)
* hypoventilation
* increased PaCO2
* respiratory acidosis
- Eventually, the lungs cannot oxygenate, ventilate, or perfuse adequately.
How Common Is Asthma? - Answer Asthma is a chronic condition that requires ongoing
treatment to reduce the symptoms and the severity. Asthma is common in the United States,
but how people live with it varies across geographic areas, socioeconomic groups, and
race/ethnicity. According to the CDC (2023), hospital visits and mortality rates differ. Better
access to care and more concentrated care in some ethnically diverse groups and lower
socioeconomic groups are needed to improve outcomes.
Extrinsic Asthma - Answer Extrinsic asthma is caused by an allergic reaction to something in
the environment that the immune system views as non-self, or a foreign substance. Elevated IgE
is diagnostic in extrinsic asthma. Type I hypersensitivity reactions occur, and clients are often
diagnosed in childhood. There are two phases.
- Early phase: The early phase is initiated by IgE antibodies that are sensitized and released by
plasma cells. IgE antibodies respond to certain environmental triggers and bind to mast cells
and basophils. When an allergen gets inhaled, mast cells release cytokines and degranulate,
releasing histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. These cause smooth muscle contractions
and airway constriction. Th2 lymphocytes play an integral role in producing a series of
interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and GM-CSF, which communicate with other cells and withstand
inflammation. IL-3 and IL-5 help eosinophils and basophils survive. IL-13 is involved in
remodeling, fibrosis, and hyperplasia.
- Late phase: Within the next several hours, the late phase occurs. Basophils, eosinophils,
neutrophils, and helper and memory T-cells are confined to the lungs, carrying out
bronchoconstriction and inflammation. As a result, there is an intermittent airflow obstruction
and air trapping, resulting in an increased work of breathing.
Intrinsic Asthma - Answer Intrinsic asthma is initiated through stimuli targeting
hyperresponsiveness in the airway. Non-allergic stimuli cause a slightly different variation in the
physiology Test Questions and All
Correct Answers.
Save
Introduction to Asthma - Answer - Asthma is a complex, obstructive lung disease with airway
inflammation and bronchoconstriction due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Airway
hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli is a crucial feature that leads to the inflammation and
bronchoconstriction experienced by clients living with asthma.
- Asthma has defining characteristics of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that
vary over time and in intensity. Asthma affects all ages but is most common in children and
younger adults.
Asthma results in (...). Changes in airflow may cause partial or total airway obstruction, leading
to (...)
Increased alveolar oxygenation, increased alveolar perfusion, decreased alveolar ventilation
Bradycardia, emphysema, hypoxia - Answer Decreased alveolar ventilation
Hypoxia
Which physiological process causes wheezing during an exacerbation of asthma?
- Air passing through the alveoli filled with mucus during inhalation and exhalation
- Air passing through the nose due to partial blockage of the epiglottis
- Air passing through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation
- Air passing enlarged tonsils into a narrowed trachea during inhalation - Answer - Air passing
through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation
Pathophysiology of Asthma - Answer - In asthma, an allergen or irritant exposure causes
immune activation, while mast cell degranulation is triggered by immune factors that bind to
the allergen or irritant as it enters the airway. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals and
vasoactive mediators. Vasoactive mediators cause vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability, while chemotactic mediators result in cellular infiltration.
- With continued exposure to an allergen or irritant, the client experiences airway
bronchospasm, acute inflammation, mucus production that accumulates in the lungs, alveoli
hyperinflation with consolidation, and eventually epithelial erosion and fibrosis. The outcome is
bronchial hyperresponsiveness and partial or total airway obstruction.
, Asthma and Gas Exchange - Answer - As with other obstructive lung diseases, asthma has an
underlying gas exchange problem and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q mismatch). Thick mucus,
mucosal edema, and bronchospasms obstruct small airways; breathing becomes labored, and
expiration is difficult. Hyperventilation sets in as lung receptors respond to airway obstruction
and increase lung volume—early hypoxia, then hypoxemia sets in with decreased PaCO2 and
increased pH (respiratory alkalosis).
- With ongoing expiratory airflow obstruction, air trapping becomes severe, and breathing in
and out becomes difficult. The lungs and thorax become hyperexpanded, and accessory muscles
are used for breathing, leading to the following:
* decreased tidal volume (TV)
* hypoventilation
* increased PaCO2
* respiratory acidosis
- Eventually, the lungs cannot oxygenate, ventilate, or perfuse adequately.
How Common Is Asthma? - Answer Asthma is a chronic condition that requires ongoing
treatment to reduce the symptoms and the severity. Asthma is common in the United States,
but how people live with it varies across geographic areas, socioeconomic groups, and
race/ethnicity. According to the CDC (2023), hospital visits and mortality rates differ. Better
access to care and more concentrated care in some ethnically diverse groups and lower
socioeconomic groups are needed to improve outcomes.
Extrinsic Asthma - Answer Extrinsic asthma is caused by an allergic reaction to something in
the environment that the immune system views as non-self, or a foreign substance. Elevated IgE
is diagnostic in extrinsic asthma. Type I hypersensitivity reactions occur, and clients are often
diagnosed in childhood. There are two phases.
- Early phase: The early phase is initiated by IgE antibodies that are sensitized and released by
plasma cells. IgE antibodies respond to certain environmental triggers and bind to mast cells
and basophils. When an allergen gets inhaled, mast cells release cytokines and degranulate,
releasing histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. These cause smooth muscle contractions
and airway constriction. Th2 lymphocytes play an integral role in producing a series of
interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and GM-CSF, which communicate with other cells and withstand
inflammation. IL-3 and IL-5 help eosinophils and basophils survive. IL-13 is involved in
remodeling, fibrosis, and hyperplasia.
- Late phase: Within the next several hours, the late phase occurs. Basophils, eosinophils,
neutrophils, and helper and memory T-cells are confined to the lungs, carrying out
bronchoconstriction and inflammation. As a result, there is an intermittent airflow obstruction
and air trapping, resulting in an increased work of breathing.
Intrinsic Asthma - Answer Intrinsic asthma is initiated through stimuli targeting
hyperresponsiveness in the airway. Non-allergic stimuli cause a slightly different variation in the
