NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
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1. Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise Physiologic hypertrophy
program 2 years ago. Brian now com-
petes in long-distance cycling events An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs
and considers himself to be an en- due to extensive exercise, whereby the heart will
durance athlete who is in the "best create new blood vessel branches (angiogen-
shape of his life." An echocardiogram esis) and there is increased mitochondria, ATP,
reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
What cellular change or injury that is
best exemplified by the case scenario.
2. Recently, Karen learned that not only Apoptosis
does HIV directly attack CD4 cells, but
the presence of the virus seems to
activate pathways responsible for pro-
grammed cell death in CD4 cells. Thus,
HIV infection appears to increase the
rate of "suicide" for CD4 cells.
3. Define dysplasia Compared to normal cells, cells demonstrating
dysplasia are atypical in size and shape. Dys-
plasia does not mean the cells are cancerous.
However, some screening tests, such as the Pap
smear, examine tissues to determine if any cel-
lular changes are taking place. Any changes in
the cells can then be monitored over time.
4. A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted Benign neoplasia.
on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy
results revealed proliferating cells that Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell
were well-differentiated and resembled growth. The mass of tissue resulting is known
surrounding cells. The cells were con- as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the
tained within a well-defined area. cells do not have the characteristics associated
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9xu504
with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous,
are well-differentiated, meaning they resemble
normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a con-
tained area and are unlikely to spread.
5. Miguel, a retired warehouse supervi- Necrosis
sor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell
blockage in his left descending coro- injury. Necrosis differs from apoptosis, in that
nary artery. The blockage resulted in is- the cellular destruction results from some form
chemia and cell death for those cells of trauma, rather than genetic programming.
served by the artery. May lead to GANGRENE which is when dead
tissue houses bacteria.
6. Julianne, who suffers from familial hy- Intracellular accumulation.
percholesterolemia, presents with xan-
thomas. Xanthomas are excess choles- Some disease processes stimulate intracellu-
terol deposits, which appear as yellow lar accumulations of particles, such as cal-
skin lesions. What cell process is this cium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose,
among other substances. In familial hypercho-
lesterolemia, a genetic defect causes decreased
cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high
serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits,
known as xanthomas, may appear to form under
the skin.
7. Janae experienced a frightening ATV ac- Hyperplasia
cident, in which her ATV flipped over and
she ended up catching a portion of her cell proliferation, known as hyperplasia, was
upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Al- stimulated as a result of her injury. A keloid
though Janae's injuries healed fully, en- results from overgrowth of granulation tissue
larged, keloid scar formations remain at during the wound repair process.
the injury site.
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9xu504
8. Hypertension that leads to workload on Pathological hypertrophy.
the left ventricle and thus enlargement
would be deemed? No blood vessel growth and increased workload
would lead to ischemia and enlargement of the
heart.
NCLEX TIP: Left ventricular hypertrophy would
lead to displacement of the PMI during chest
palpation.
9. Hyperplasia occurs from which two An INCREASE in the number of cells in a tissue
mechanisms? or organ.
1) hormonal (estrogen stimulating the mitotic
division of breast gland cells; also BPH in older
males)
2) overcompensation during regeneration
(keloid scars)
10. Andy has undergone a colonoscopy be- Malignant neoplasia
cause his family has a history of colon
cancer. Biopsy of the colon reveals poor- Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell
ly differentiated cells in the samples. growth. Malignancy, when applied to neo-
Cells were abnormally organized, with plasm, indicates the cancerous cells are likely to
distorted borders. Infiltration of the ab- infiltrate other tissues and spread. The appear-
normal cells occurred throughout sever- ance of malignant cells is far from normal. Such
al samples. cells are poorly differentiated and appear to
have a random organization. Biopsy samples of
malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond
the borders or edges of the growth.
11. Metaplasia
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9xu504
1. Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise Physiologic hypertrophy
program 2 years ago. Brian now com-
petes in long-distance cycling events An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs
and considers himself to be an en- due to extensive exercise, whereby the heart will
durance athlete who is in the "best create new blood vessel branches (angiogen-
shape of his life." An echocardiogram esis) and there is increased mitochondria, ATP,
reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
What cellular change or injury that is
best exemplified by the case scenario.
2. Recently, Karen learned that not only Apoptosis
does HIV directly attack CD4 cells, but
the presence of the virus seems to
activate pathways responsible for pro-
grammed cell death in CD4 cells. Thus,
HIV infection appears to increase the
rate of "suicide" for CD4 cells.
3. Define dysplasia Compared to normal cells, cells demonstrating
dysplasia are atypical in size and shape. Dys-
plasia does not mean the cells are cancerous.
However, some screening tests, such as the Pap
smear, examine tissues to determine if any cel-
lular changes are taking place. Any changes in
the cells can then be monitored over time.
4. A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted Benign neoplasia.
on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy
results revealed proliferating cells that Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell
were well-differentiated and resembled growth. The mass of tissue resulting is known
surrounding cells. The cells were con- as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the
tained within a well-defined area. cells do not have the characteristics associated
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9xu504
with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous,
are well-differentiated, meaning they resemble
normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a con-
tained area and are unlikely to spread.
5. Miguel, a retired warehouse supervi- Necrosis
sor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell
blockage in his left descending coro- injury. Necrosis differs from apoptosis, in that
nary artery. The blockage resulted in is- the cellular destruction results from some form
chemia and cell death for those cells of trauma, rather than genetic programming.
served by the artery. May lead to GANGRENE which is when dead
tissue houses bacteria.
6. Julianne, who suffers from familial hy- Intracellular accumulation.
percholesterolemia, presents with xan-
thomas. Xanthomas are excess choles- Some disease processes stimulate intracellu-
terol deposits, which appear as yellow lar accumulations of particles, such as cal-
skin lesions. What cell process is this cium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose,
among other substances. In familial hypercho-
lesterolemia, a genetic defect causes decreased
cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high
serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits,
known as xanthomas, may appear to form under
the skin.
7. Janae experienced a frightening ATV ac- Hyperplasia
cident, in which her ATV flipped over and
she ended up catching a portion of her cell proliferation, known as hyperplasia, was
upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Al- stimulated as a result of her injury. A keloid
though Janae's injuries healed fully, en- results from overgrowth of granulation tissue
larged, keloid scar formations remain at during the wound repair process.
the injury site.
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9xu504
8. Hypertension that leads to workload on Pathological hypertrophy.
the left ventricle and thus enlargement
would be deemed? No blood vessel growth and increased workload
would lead to ischemia and enlargement of the
heart.
NCLEX TIP: Left ventricular hypertrophy would
lead to displacement of the PMI during chest
palpation.
9. Hyperplasia occurs from which two An INCREASE in the number of cells in a tissue
mechanisms? or organ.
1) hormonal (estrogen stimulating the mitotic
division of breast gland cells; also BPH in older
males)
2) overcompensation during regeneration
(keloid scars)
10. Andy has undergone a colonoscopy be- Malignant neoplasia
cause his family has a history of colon
cancer. Biopsy of the colon reveals poor- Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell
ly differentiated cells in the samples. growth. Malignancy, when applied to neo-
Cells were abnormally organized, with plasm, indicates the cancerous cells are likely to
distorted borders. Infiltration of the ab- infiltrate other tissues and spread. The appear-
normal cells occurred throughout sever- ance of malignant cells is far from normal. Such
al samples. cells are poorly differentiated and appear to
have a random organization. Biopsy samples of
malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond
the borders or edges of the growth.
11. Metaplasia
