NUR 155 GALEN EXAM 4 FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH FULL ANSWERS
◉ define etiologic agent Answer: how a microorganism gets in
◉ define reservoir Answer: where microorganisms live; carrier
◉ define portal of exit Answer: how it leaves the reservoir
◉ define method of transmission Answer: Specific ways in which
microorganism travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host.
◉ what are the methods of transmission? Answer: direct contact,
indirect contact (vehicle borne, vector borne, and airborne)
◉ Define portal of entry Answer: any opening in the body; non-
intact skin
◉ define susceptible host Answer: person who is at risk for infection
,◉ What are the first lines of defense against infection? Answer:
intact skin/mucosa membranes, mouth, cilia of nasal passages, tears,
GI, vagina and urine flow
◉ What is the second line of defense against infection? Answer:
inflammatory response and symptoms
◉ What are the 3 stages of inflammatory response? Answer: 1.
vascular and cellular response
2. Exudate production
3. reparative phase
◉ Define the 1st stage of inflammatory response Answer: vessel
constriction quickly followed by dilation, increase in vascular
permeability and production/release of leukocytes
◉ Define the 2nd stage of inflammatory response Answer:
fibrinogen, thromboplastin and platelets clump together
form a barrier to prevent additional harm/injury
EX: scab
◉ define the 3rd stage of inflammatory response Answer:
regeneration, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue formation
EX: scar
, ◉ What is the third line of defense against infection? Answer: active
immunity
- natural and artifical
◉ define active immunity Answer: host produces antibodies in
response to natural antigens or artificial antigens
◉ define natural active immunity Answer: immunity from active
infection
◉ define artificial active immunity Answer: immunity from
administered infections
◉ define passive immunity Answer: host receives natural or
artificial antibodies
◉ Define natural passive immunity Answer: Immunity produced
from antibody transfer from mom to offspring across the placenta or
thru breast milk
◉ Define artificial passive immunity Answer: When you become
immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else
QUESTIONS WITH FULL ANSWERS
◉ define etiologic agent Answer: how a microorganism gets in
◉ define reservoir Answer: where microorganisms live; carrier
◉ define portal of exit Answer: how it leaves the reservoir
◉ define method of transmission Answer: Specific ways in which
microorganism travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host.
◉ what are the methods of transmission? Answer: direct contact,
indirect contact (vehicle borne, vector borne, and airborne)
◉ Define portal of entry Answer: any opening in the body; non-
intact skin
◉ define susceptible host Answer: person who is at risk for infection
,◉ What are the first lines of defense against infection? Answer:
intact skin/mucosa membranes, mouth, cilia of nasal passages, tears,
GI, vagina and urine flow
◉ What is the second line of defense against infection? Answer:
inflammatory response and symptoms
◉ What are the 3 stages of inflammatory response? Answer: 1.
vascular and cellular response
2. Exudate production
3. reparative phase
◉ Define the 1st stage of inflammatory response Answer: vessel
constriction quickly followed by dilation, increase in vascular
permeability and production/release of leukocytes
◉ Define the 2nd stage of inflammatory response Answer:
fibrinogen, thromboplastin and platelets clump together
form a barrier to prevent additional harm/injury
EX: scab
◉ define the 3rd stage of inflammatory response Answer:
regeneration, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue formation
EX: scar
, ◉ What is the third line of defense against infection? Answer: active
immunity
- natural and artifical
◉ define active immunity Answer: host produces antibodies in
response to natural antigens or artificial antigens
◉ define natural active immunity Answer: immunity from active
infection
◉ define artificial active immunity Answer: immunity from
administered infections
◉ define passive immunity Answer: host receives natural or
artificial antibodies
◉ Define natural passive immunity Answer: Immunity produced
from antibody transfer from mom to offspring across the placenta or
thru breast milk
◉ Define artificial passive immunity Answer: When you become
immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else
