NUR 114 Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Questions
and Correct Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 100%
Assured Pass.
Approximate Question Breakdown:
• Sexuality – 6
• Immunity – 10
• Cellular Regulation – 10
• Perfusion – 11
• EKG Strips (5 step analysis) – 5
• Functional Ability Sensory (Eyes & Ears) – 10
• Functional Ability Elimination – 11
• Growth and Development (L&D) – 10
• Mental Health – 10
• Medical Emergencies – 11
• Math – 6
Exam One: Sexuality/Immunity/Cellular Regulation
Immunity – The body’s ability to resist disease by a state of response to foreign substances,
such as microorganisms.
Types of Immunity:
• Innate
o Present at birth
o First line of defense against pathogens
o Involves a non-specific response, neutrophils and monocytes are the primary
WBCs involved o Not antigen specific, so it can respond within
minutes to an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that
organism
o Inflammation is part of innate immunity and serves as a barrier to invasion,
inflammation does not always mean infection, but infection is commonly
accompanied by inflammation.
• Active Acquired (Synthesized) o Developed immunity from invasion of foreign
substances o May result naturally or through vaccination
, o Because the antibodies are synthesized, this produces longer lasting immunity to
a specific substance
o With each invasion, the body responds more actively and aggressively
• Passive Acquired (Not Synthesized) o Developed immunity from received antibodies to
an antigen without synthesizing them
o Immediate immune effect, but short lived
o May take place through a transfer of immunoglobulins across the placental
membrane in a fetus
o Artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through the injection of serum
antibodies
Antigens – Substances the body
recognizes as foreign that illicit an
immune response. The body’s
unique antigens are human
leukocyte antigens (HLAs) known as
the person’s cellular fingerprint.
Antibodies – Immune globulins
produced by lymphocytes in
response to antigens. Primary
response is evident 4 to 8 days after
initial exposure to antigen.
Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Humoral o Bacteria
o Viruses (extracellular) o
Respiratory Pathogens o
GI Pathogens
• Cell-Mediated o Fungus
, o Viruses (intracellular) o
Chronic Infectious Agents o
Tumor Cells
Immune Response in Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
When antigens are introduced into the body, they are carried by the bloodstream or
lymph channels to regional lymph nodes, the antigens then interact with the B and T
lymphocytes and macrophages in the lymph nodes.
• Lymph Nodes
o 2 Important Functions of Lymph Nodes:
Filtration of foreign material brought to the site
Circulation of lymphocytes
• Tonsils o Example of lymphoid tissue
• Spleen
o Important as the primary site for filtering foreign antigens from the blood o
Consists of 2 kinds of tissue:
White pulp containing B and T lymphocytes
Red pulp containing erythrocytes, macrophages line the pulp and sinuses
of the spleen
• Lymphoid Tissue protects the body surface from external microorganisms (Skin) and is
found in the submucosa of the following: o Gastrointestinal (Gut-Associated) o
Genitourinary (Genital-Associated) o Respiratory (Bronchial-Associated)
Normal Cells of Immune Response
Provide immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and some forms of
bacteria), fungal infections, tumor immunity, and preventing rejections of transplanted
tissues.
Cells involved in immune response include: Mononuclear Phagocytes, Lymphocytes,
Dendritic Cells, Cytokines, Macrophages
• Mononuclear Phagocytes o CRITICAL role in the immune system o Include monocytes
in the blood and macrophages found throughout the body o Capture, process, and
present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response. After capture, the
macrophage-bound antigen (highly immunogenic) is presented to circulating T or B
lymphocytes and triggers an immune response.
• Lymphocytes (B, T, and NK’s) – Produced in bone marrow creating long term immunity o
T Cells
Produced in bone marrow and eventually migrate to peripheral organs
Create long term immunity
T Cytotoxic Cells – Attack antigen on cell membrane
, T Helper Cells – Regulate cell mediated immunity
TH1 (Ingest and kill microbes)
TH2 (Kill parasites and part of allergic response)
o B Cells
Mature under the influence of bone marrow and then can differentiate into
plasma cells when activated – cells that migrate from the bone marrow to
the thymus differentiate into T cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Compose 10% to 20% of circulating lymphocytes
• Dendritic Cells o Important in activating the immune response, captures antigens @
sites of contact with the external environment and transports the antigen until it
encounters a T cell specific to it
o Found all over the body in the skin (Langerhans’ Cells), the lining of the nose,
lungs, stomach, intestines, and blood (primarily in the immature state)
• Cytokines
o Act as messengers among cell types
o Instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity o
Soluble factors secreted by WBC’s and a variety of other cells in the body o
Have a beneficial role in hematopoiesis and immune function o Cytokine
Types:
Interleukins
Interferons
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Colony-Stimulating Factor
Erythropoietin
Normal Humoral Immune Response
• When an individual is exposed to an antigen for a second time the response is faster (1
to 3 days) and lasts longer.
• Main product of secondary response is IgG rather than IgM Memory cells account for
more rapid production of IgG Five Classes of Immune Globulins: o IgG
Largest component of total immune globulins
Found in plasma and interstitial fluid
ONLY immune globulin to cross the placenta and provide the newborn
with passive acquired immunity
o IgA
Found in secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum
Lines mucous membranes
o IgM
Largest of immune globulins found in plasma
Responsible for primary immune response
and Correct Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 100%
Assured Pass.
Approximate Question Breakdown:
• Sexuality – 6
• Immunity – 10
• Cellular Regulation – 10
• Perfusion – 11
• EKG Strips (5 step analysis) – 5
• Functional Ability Sensory (Eyes & Ears) – 10
• Functional Ability Elimination – 11
• Growth and Development (L&D) – 10
• Mental Health – 10
• Medical Emergencies – 11
• Math – 6
Exam One: Sexuality/Immunity/Cellular Regulation
Immunity – The body’s ability to resist disease by a state of response to foreign substances,
such as microorganisms.
Types of Immunity:
• Innate
o Present at birth
o First line of defense against pathogens
o Involves a non-specific response, neutrophils and monocytes are the primary
WBCs involved o Not antigen specific, so it can respond within
minutes to an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that
organism
o Inflammation is part of innate immunity and serves as a barrier to invasion,
inflammation does not always mean infection, but infection is commonly
accompanied by inflammation.
• Active Acquired (Synthesized) o Developed immunity from invasion of foreign
substances o May result naturally or through vaccination
, o Because the antibodies are synthesized, this produces longer lasting immunity to
a specific substance
o With each invasion, the body responds more actively and aggressively
• Passive Acquired (Not Synthesized) o Developed immunity from received antibodies to
an antigen without synthesizing them
o Immediate immune effect, but short lived
o May take place through a transfer of immunoglobulins across the placental
membrane in a fetus
o Artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through the injection of serum
antibodies
Antigens – Substances the body
recognizes as foreign that illicit an
immune response. The body’s
unique antigens are human
leukocyte antigens (HLAs) known as
the person’s cellular fingerprint.
Antibodies – Immune globulins
produced by lymphocytes in
response to antigens. Primary
response is evident 4 to 8 days after
initial exposure to antigen.
Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Humoral o Bacteria
o Viruses (extracellular) o
Respiratory Pathogens o
GI Pathogens
• Cell-Mediated o Fungus
, o Viruses (intracellular) o
Chronic Infectious Agents o
Tumor Cells
Immune Response in Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
When antigens are introduced into the body, they are carried by the bloodstream or
lymph channels to regional lymph nodes, the antigens then interact with the B and T
lymphocytes and macrophages in the lymph nodes.
• Lymph Nodes
o 2 Important Functions of Lymph Nodes:
Filtration of foreign material brought to the site
Circulation of lymphocytes
• Tonsils o Example of lymphoid tissue
• Spleen
o Important as the primary site for filtering foreign antigens from the blood o
Consists of 2 kinds of tissue:
White pulp containing B and T lymphocytes
Red pulp containing erythrocytes, macrophages line the pulp and sinuses
of the spleen
• Lymphoid Tissue protects the body surface from external microorganisms (Skin) and is
found in the submucosa of the following: o Gastrointestinal (Gut-Associated) o
Genitourinary (Genital-Associated) o Respiratory (Bronchial-Associated)
Normal Cells of Immune Response
Provide immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and some forms of
bacteria), fungal infections, tumor immunity, and preventing rejections of transplanted
tissues.
Cells involved in immune response include: Mononuclear Phagocytes, Lymphocytes,
Dendritic Cells, Cytokines, Macrophages
• Mononuclear Phagocytes o CRITICAL role in the immune system o Include monocytes
in the blood and macrophages found throughout the body o Capture, process, and
present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response. After capture, the
macrophage-bound antigen (highly immunogenic) is presented to circulating T or B
lymphocytes and triggers an immune response.
• Lymphocytes (B, T, and NK’s) – Produced in bone marrow creating long term immunity o
T Cells
Produced in bone marrow and eventually migrate to peripheral organs
Create long term immunity
T Cytotoxic Cells – Attack antigen on cell membrane
, T Helper Cells – Regulate cell mediated immunity
TH1 (Ingest and kill microbes)
TH2 (Kill parasites and part of allergic response)
o B Cells
Mature under the influence of bone marrow and then can differentiate into
plasma cells when activated – cells that migrate from the bone marrow to
the thymus differentiate into T cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Compose 10% to 20% of circulating lymphocytes
• Dendritic Cells o Important in activating the immune response, captures antigens @
sites of contact with the external environment and transports the antigen until it
encounters a T cell specific to it
o Found all over the body in the skin (Langerhans’ Cells), the lining of the nose,
lungs, stomach, intestines, and blood (primarily in the immature state)
• Cytokines
o Act as messengers among cell types
o Instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity o
Soluble factors secreted by WBC’s and a variety of other cells in the body o
Have a beneficial role in hematopoiesis and immune function o Cytokine
Types:
Interleukins
Interferons
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Colony-Stimulating Factor
Erythropoietin
Normal Humoral Immune Response
• When an individual is exposed to an antigen for a second time the response is faster (1
to 3 days) and lasts longer.
• Main product of secondary response is IgG rather than IgM Memory cells account for
more rapid production of IgG Five Classes of Immune Globulins: o IgG
Largest component of total immune globulins
Found in plasma and interstitial fluid
ONLY immune globulin to cross the placenta and provide the newborn
with passive acquired immunity
o IgA
Found in secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum
Lines mucous membranes
o IgM
Largest of immune globulins found in plasma
Responsible for primary immune response
