Cardiovascular, Peripheral Vascular, Gastrointestinal, Hepatic,
Renal, Lymphatic, Electrocardiographic, Hemodynamic,
Valvular, Murmur, Pulse, Edema, Auscultation, Palpation,
Percussion, Jugular Venous Pressure, Preload, Afterload,
Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Ejection Fraction, Arrhythmia,
Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Pallor, Orthopnea, Nocturia,
Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, Ascites, Bowel Sounds,
Nutritional Assessment, Risk Factor Evaluation, Screening
Protocols Exam Questions Verified and Provided with
Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
CV system main functions
Deliver o2 and nutrients to body cells
Remove waste products
Maintain perfusion to organs and tissues
Pericardium
Outer most protective layer
adherent to great vessels, anchored to diaphragm
Myocardium
Middle muscular layer
Endocardium
,Inner smooth layer
the cardiac cycle
Ventricular pressures:
Systole - period of ventricular contraction
Diastole - period of ventricular relaxation (fill up with blood, MV open)
valve opening and closing
ejection sound
valve opening and closing
S2
Valve opening and closing
Opening snap (OS)
diastole rapid ventricular filling
S3
Valve opening and closing
abnormal in adults, normal in children
CHF, fluid overload
S4
, Heard before S1
long standing HTN
vent. stiffness
splitting of S2
(S2 - closure of aortic and pulm valve)
delayed due to increased pressure
Best place to hear - 3rd intercostal space
Split S1
Earlier mitral and later tricuspid
Heard throughout precordium
Loudest at cardiac apex
Softer tricuspid best at lower left sternal border
Does not vary with respiration
Heart mumurs
blood circulating though normal vessels/valves produces no sound
high flow rate
Exercise, thyroidtoxicosis, decreased velocity of blood (anemia)
stenotic valve
abnormal opening of valve that disrupts blood flow
Renal, Lymphatic, Electrocardiographic, Hemodynamic,
Valvular, Murmur, Pulse, Edema, Auscultation, Palpation,
Percussion, Jugular Venous Pressure, Preload, Afterload,
Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Ejection Fraction, Arrhythmia,
Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Pallor, Orthopnea, Nocturia,
Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, Ascites, Bowel Sounds,
Nutritional Assessment, Risk Factor Evaluation, Screening
Protocols Exam Questions Verified and Provided with
Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
CV system main functions
Deliver o2 and nutrients to body cells
Remove waste products
Maintain perfusion to organs and tissues
Pericardium
Outer most protective layer
adherent to great vessels, anchored to diaphragm
Myocardium
Middle muscular layer
Endocardium
,Inner smooth layer
the cardiac cycle
Ventricular pressures:
Systole - period of ventricular contraction
Diastole - period of ventricular relaxation (fill up with blood, MV open)
valve opening and closing
ejection sound
valve opening and closing
S2
Valve opening and closing
Opening snap (OS)
diastole rapid ventricular filling
S3
Valve opening and closing
abnormal in adults, normal in children
CHF, fluid overload
S4
, Heard before S1
long standing HTN
vent. stiffness
splitting of S2
(S2 - closure of aortic and pulm valve)
delayed due to increased pressure
Best place to hear - 3rd intercostal space
Split S1
Earlier mitral and later tricuspid
Heard throughout precordium
Loudest at cardiac apex
Softer tricuspid best at lower left sternal border
Does not vary with respiration
Heart mumurs
blood circulating though normal vessels/valves produces no sound
high flow rate
Exercise, thyroidtoxicosis, decreased velocity of blood (anemia)
stenotic valve
abnormal opening of valve that disrupts blood flow
