CMY1501 Assignment 1 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 27 March 2026

CMY1501 Assignment 1 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 27 March 2026; 100% TRUSTED Complete, trusted solutions and explanations. For assistance, Whats-App 0.8.1..2.7.8..3.3.7.2... Sutherland’s concept of crime as social harm suggests that criminologists should study: Illegal behaviour that harms society Only violent crime Moral wrongdoing only Only legally convicted offenders Which statement differentiates “crime” from “criminology”? Crime and criminology are the same concept Crime explains why people offend, while criminology refers to criminal behaviour Criminology defines laws Crime refers to behaviour, while criminology refers to the study of that behaviour According to Beccaria, punishment should be: Based on the offender’s background Proportionate to the crime Arbitrary Harsh and severe In his 1938 article titled ‘Culture, Conflict and Crime’, Sellin raises the fundamental question for criminologists: Why are only some behavioural norms legally defined as crimes? Why are laws difficult to enforce? Why does punishment differ across countries? Why do criminals offend repeatedly? According to Bezuidenhout (2020), criminology provides a __________ understanding of crime and criminal behaviour. holistic narrow moral legal Who established the principle of legality in criminal law? Bezuidenhout Thomas Beccaria Snyman Criminology is BEST described as a: Natural science Branch of criminal law Legal field only Multidisciplinary field within the human sciences Which of the following BEST explains why crime cannot be understood in isolation? Crime is always intentional Crime depends only on law enforcement Crime results from multiple interacting factors Crime is purely psychological Sutherland is recognised as: The founder of European criminology The father of American criminology The father of British criminology The father of critical criminology Common law consists of: Rules created by Parliament only Unwritten legal rules accepted as law over time Laws written in the Constitution only International legal principles Which of the following is NOT a focus of criminology? Understanding the causes of crime Studying why some people commit crime Studying crime scientifically Determining court sentencing procedures Positivist criminology mainly focuses on: The offender The crime The victim The punishment Africanisation refers to: Integrating African perspectives/knowledge systems into the curriculum Rejecting scientific methods Teaching only African history Replacing Western knowledge entirely The study of courts, police, and prisons/corrections as agencies of social control forms part of: Criminal justice Criminal law Victimology Crime theories How has the rapid adoption of mobile banking in Africa impacted financial crime trends according to INTERPOL (2022)? It has made it easier for police to track criminals It has increased vulnerability to fraud and money laundering It has reduced financial crime significantly It has eliminated the need for cash transactions Crime is defined in terms of the oppressed, while crimes of the working class and the powerful go unpunished and are deemed to be insignificant. Which principle of criminology does this excerpt relate to? Positivistic Classical Critical Postmodern Which school of thought is linked to the core principles of hedonism, self-seeking behaviour, and utilitarianism? Radical Positivistic Social milieu Classical The classical doctrine has led to two contrasting models of criminal justice, namely: Crime control and due process models Radical crime and crime prevention models Crime analysis and crime detection models Strategic crime and crime explanation models According to … feminism, both capitalist and patriarchal systems play a role in the subordination of women. This ‘dual system theory’ recognises that capitalism and patriarchy are separate, yet they are mutually accommodating systems of oppression. socialist liberal eco radical Which school of thought are Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) forerunners of? Radical Positivistic Social milieu Classical Within which realm of criminology does the theory of differential association fall, as it shares similar assumptions regarding a person’s character, personal background, and a lack of intellectual and/or emotional skills? Positivistic Classical Critical Feminist According to … criminology, integrated crime perspectives on an individualistic and voluntaristic nature are the specific focal points with no association to a specific school of thought, while rationality, reason and science as dominant forms of social explanation, are challenged. classical postmodern positivist critical The social milieu school of thought comprises the social structure and the … approaches. social learning social process social conflict social radical The belief that theories should not be based on social class or culture, that universal factors contribute to crime, and that victims’ rights and needs must be prioritised, are core premises of … criminology. radical classical postmodern positivist Critics of … raised the concern that it is unreasonable to expect people to openly admit to their illegal activities, as they might not only lie about the severity of their acts, but also disregard some of the crimes they have committed. crime mapping personal interviews crime statistics self-report studies When analysing the classification and measurement of crime, … is/are used for the classification of crime in South Africa and consists of … categories. the official crime statistics; 43 crime trends; 45 crime patterns; 25 the code of crime list; 35 Regarding crime trends, stress levels that increase because of long-term exposure to extreme temperatures and affect the increase of violent crimes, relate to: Crime trends according to climate change Crime trends according to a decreasing ozone layer Crime trends according to seasonal patterns Crime trends according to day, season and climate The use of multiple advanced computational methods to analyse large datasets with one or more data source(s) which identify significant and recognisable patterns and trends, refers to: Crime surveys Crime mapping Self-report studies Data mining The classification of crime in South Africa consists of 35 categories and is linked to: Official crime statistics Crime trends The dark figure of crime The code of crime list Rational choice theory has its roots in which school of criminology? Critical Feminist Positivist Classical .. are conditions within the individual which are essential for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and wellbeing. Emotions Cognitions Needs Motives ... are those factors specifically associated with criminal activities, such as delinquency, offending and crime. Protective factors Environmental risk factors Criminogenic risk factors Motivational factors According to which author is criminal behaviour learned through association and interaction with people in intimate and small groups? Albert Bandura Edwin Sutherland Cesare Beccaria Robert Merton A … survey measures the amount, nature and patterns of abuse in a population. residential national crime victimisation Which theorist holds the view of “born criminals”? Cesare Lombroso Edwin Sutherland Robert Merton Albert Bandura What does the term "Eurocentric criminology" imply according to Biko (2019)? Criminology that focuses exclusively on European criminals Criminology based on indigenous knowledge systems Criminology that prioritises African traditional law Criminology that neglects the social control experienced by colonised communities The concept of intersectionality emphasises that: Women experience oppression in the same way Gender is biologically fixed Feminism focuses only on gender Multiple forms of oppression can overlap Which of the following meanings is associated with the Latin word crimen? Punishment only Law enforcement Harm and violence Judgement, accusation, and defence Critical criminology primarily defines crime in terms of: Oppression and power relations Biological traits Individual and collective morality Rational choice Classical criminology mainly assumes that humans: Are biologically determined Are rational beings with free will Lack free will Act randomly Which statement BEST reflects the aim of feminist criminology? To focus only on female offenders To centre gender in understanding crime and justice To replace all criminological theories To reduce crime through punishment Sadiki and Steyn (2022) describe criminology as an "inherently colonial enterprise". What do they mean by this statement? Criminology exclusively studies crimes committed by colonial governments Criminology was invented by colonial powers to support the moral justification of slavery, genocide, and oppression Criminology is universally applicable across all cultures without modification Criminology does not include any study of indigenous crimes What does the term "dark figure of crime" refer to? Crimes committed at night Unreported crimes not reflected in official statistics Crimes related to drug trafficking Crimes officially recorded by the police Decolonisation in higher education mainly aims to: Reinforce colonialism and its traditions on knowledge systems Remove all Western knowledge Focus only on political protest Reverse the impact of colonialism on knowledge systems Which of the following is an example of a victim survey? A court record of crime convictions A survey asking people how many crimes they have committed A police report on crime rates A questionnaire asking individuals about crimes committed against them Postmodern criminology challenges: Rationality and science as dominant explanations Victim studies Cultural diversity Legal definitions of crime only Indigenisation aims to make knowledge: Locally relevant and context-specific Legally enforceable Biologically determined Regionally and internationally applicable Who is known as the “father of criminology”? Cesare Lombroso Cesare Beccaria Toppinard Jeremy Bentham Criminal capacity requires that the accused: Has prior convictions Understands social values Can recognise the unlawfulness of their conduct and act accordingly Cannot recognise the unlawfulness of their conduct and act accordingly Cesare Lombroso is associated with: Critical criminology Classical criminology Positivist criminology Feminist criminology Which of the following is NOT one of the seven priority crimes listed in South Africa’s National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS)? Corruption within the criminal justice system Environmental crimes Organised crime Crime involving firearms A law can BEST be described as: A rule enforced only by police An unwritten social norm A moral guideline followed by society A written statute enacted by authorised legislative bodies Science can BEST be described as: A belief system based on opinion and experience A random way of understanding the world A systematic and logical approach to understanding phenomena A purely philosophical activity Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of a crime? Fault Punishment Unlawfulness Deed Criminal law primarily addresses the following: Identifying crimes and regulating social relationships Regulating social relationships Protecting cultural traditions Identifying crimes and prescribing punishments Mens rea refers to: The physical act The guilty mind The legal duty to act The punishment imposed How do criminologists assist courts during sentencing? By submitting pre-sentencing reports and acting as judges By submitting pre-sentencing reports and expert evidence By deciding guilt By representing offenders legally The term actus reus refers to: A guilty action Criminal capacity A guilty mind Negligence According to Bezuidenhout (2024), an act can only be regarded as a crime if it is: Socially unacceptable Harmful to others Prohibited by law Morally wrong Why is criminology described as a multidisciplinary field? It studies several punishment methods It focuses on several types of law It deals with several ways of crime prevention It draws on several academic fields Which of the following is an example of a crime detected due to police action, rather than community involvement/reporting? Burglary at residential premises Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs Common assault Housebreaking The juridical definition of crime focuses mainly on: Social harm caused by behaviour Actions defined as crimes by law Moral wrongdoing Unreported and hidden crimes Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing fluctuations in crime trends from one year to another? Global climate change Average age of victims and perpetrators Economic situation Educational level The neo-classical school differs from the classical school because it: Rejects free will Focuses only on biology Rejects punishment Recognises limits to free will Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of utilitarianism emphasises: Social inequality Biological traits Cultural conflict Pleasure and pain calculations Why might self-report studies fail to offer a comprehensive depiction of criminality? They rely solely on police reports They are typically limited to petty offences and youth populations They only use official crime data They include all serious and organised crime offenders A theory is BEST described as: A personal experience and opinion A legal rule A fixed belief A set of logically connected explanations Which of the following, according to Darlon (2019), best defines a crime? Any immoral behaviour An act punishable by law Any harmful action Behaviour disapproved of by society The primary goal of Africanisation is to develop a curriculum that is: Innovative and technologically advanced Inclusive and representative Politically neutral Eurocentric