CMY1501 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 17 April 2026

CMY1501 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 17 April 2026; 100% TRUSTED Complete, trusted solutions and explanations. For assistance, Whats-App 0.8.1..2.7.8..3.3.7.2... What criticism is commonly directed at Lombroso’s offender typology? It places too much emphasis on social factors and ignores biology It lacks scientific rigour and reinforces harmful stereotypes based on physical appearance It focuses only on female offenders’ physical appearance and ignores male offenders It only applies to offenders in modern urban societies while neglecting those in rural settings According to the APA (2018), personality refers to: Temporary emotional reactions Criminal tendencies inherited at birth Consistent behaviours, thoughts, and feelings Intelligence and academic ability Why is South Africa characterised as one of the most unequal nations worldwide? It has a low economic external dependency It lacks cultural diversity It has a very high Gini coefficient It has low urbanisation Which combination accurately differentiates static and dynamic risk factors? Static factors can change; dynamic factors cannot Static factors are historical; dynamic factors can be modified Static factors include substance abuse; dynamic factors include age Static and dynamic factors are identical Which theory emphasises low self-control as the main cause of crime? Strain Theory Social Learning Theory General Theory of Crime Labelling Theory In sociological usage, social milieu specifically refers to: Natural ecosystems Individual psychology The social environment shaping human behaviour Economic systems and structural pressures What is the reference of criminogenic risk factors? Punishments imposed by the criminal justice system Conditions that reduce criminal behaviour Conditions that increase criminal behaviour Laws that prevent crime Which of the following scenarios demonstrates incentive theory in criminal behaviour? A gang member continues criminal activity for money and social recognition A teenager steals food due to homelessness and hunger A person acts aggressively because of unresolved anger and revenge A rapist attacks to satisfy sexual fantasies and sadism What is a common stereotype about female offenders based on early research? They are morally superior to men They are rarely physically abnormal They commit more crimes than men They often have masculine physical traits Deviant peers are regarded as a risk factor because they: Promote academic success Encourage prosocial behaviour Increase the likelihood of delinquency Reduce criminal tendencies What type of motivation originates from within an individual? Extrinsic Positive incentive Intrinsic Punishment Which of the following is NOT regarded as a sociological factor in offender classification? Gender Marital status Crime type Employment status Who authored the influential 1895 book titled “The Female Offender”? Otto Pollak and William Thomas Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero Daly and Tubex Lombroso and Merton Which statement most accurately encapsulates the principle of Ubuntu? Success is achieved through individual effort only Social order depends on strict punishment Individual identity is rooted in collective humanity Economic growth is the foundation of society Which criticism is commonly directed at Ferri’s theory of multiple causes? It focuses only on psychological factors and ignores biology It overly simplifies the complex relationship between genetics and behaviour It completely rejects environmental influences It ignores social factors like education and family Informal social controls consist of: Court rulings and legislation Police patrols Eyewitness intervention Correctional sentences Which hypothesis accounts for the aggression resulting from ignoring future consequences? Disinhibition hypothesis Alcohol myopia Cognitive impairment hypothesis Present-focused decision-making Who is regarded as a pioneer of biological determinism in criminology? Sigmund Freud Cesare Lombroso Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Why is it essential to understand female offenders from a feminist criminological perspective? To treat all offenders the same regardless of gender To develop gender-sensitive policies To prove women are less likely to commit crimes To focus only on substance abuse issues What does the term “cognitions” mean? Physical needs such as food and water Mental activities like thoughts, beliefs, and plans Social norms and laws External rewards and punishments Which of the following is NOT a personality trait associated with criminal behaviour? Psychopathy Low self-control Difficult temperament High empathy Following the family, which group exerts the most significant influence on youth behaviour? Teachers Community leaders Peers Community members Psychopathy is best described as: A learned behaviour with no genetic influence A personality structure linked to antisocial and violent behaviour A temporary emotional disorder A result of low intelligence The disinhibition hypothesis proposes that alcohol: Creates aggressive tendencies Eliminates criminal intent Weakens impulse control mechanisms Increases moral reasoning Which of the following effectively differentiates between descriptive and injunctive norms? Descriptive norms are written; injunctive norms are unwritten Descriptive norms focus on punishment; injunctive norms focus on reward Descriptive norms reflect what people do; injunctive norms reflect what people approve of Descriptive norms apply to individuals; injunctive norms apply to institutions Residential mobility elevates the risk of criminal activity because it: Strengthens community ties Reduces anonymity Improves informal social control Weakens community cohesion Which of the following BEST describes protective factors? Factors that punish criminal behaviour Conditions that increase antisocial behaviour Conditions that reduce the likelihood of criminal behaviour Biological traits linked to crime Social solidarity in traditional societies is primarily grounded on: Economic interdependence Division of labour Shared beliefs Legal systems Which theorist is most closely associated with the theory of social solidarity? Robert Merton Abraham Maslow Émile Durkheim Travis Hirschi Why does alcohol not cause all drinkers to offend? Alcohol releases behaviours already present Alcohol increases aggression Alcohol has no effect on behaviour Alcohol eliminates aggression According to Ferri, which factor is NOT among the three main causes of offender behaviour? Genetic factors Social factors Physical/environmental factors Astrological factors The term anomie refers to: Strong social cohesion A state of normlessness in society Effective law enforcement Cultural unity Which of the following best characterises crimes of passion according to Ferri’s typology? Impulsive acts committed under intense emotional stress Planned crimes committed for financial gain Habitual crimes committed by repeat offenders Crimes committed due to mental illness Social disorganisation theory explains crime as a result of: Individual psychological traits Biological determinism Weak informal social controls in communities Strict law enforcement and zero crime tolerance Informal social controls refer to: Police surveillance Court sanctions and imposed penalties Community reactions that enforce norms Formal laws What did Hirschi and Hindelang’s (1977) study demonstrate? Crime is caused solely by poverty IQ predicts delinquency even when social factors are controlled Intelligence has no relationship to crime Education and IQ have no relevance to crime and criminal behaviour Which feminist researcher pioneered the narrative approach to explore female pathways into crime? Daly Tubex Parry Nuytiens What term did Lombroso employ to describe individuals who perpetrate crimes primarily due to environmental influences rather than innate characteristics? Born offenders Criminaloids Habitual offenders Epileptics Based on the theory of anomie, rebels differ from retreatists because rebels: Accept societal goals and the means of achieving them Withdraw completely from society Seek to replace existing goals and means with new ones Focus mainly on substance abuse A difficult temperament in children is characterised by: High adaptability and emotional stability Positive mood and regular routines Withdrawal, low adaptability, and intense emotional responses Strong problem-solving skills and emotional stability Dynamic risk factors (DRFs) are different from static risk factors because they: Cannot be changed through intervention Include traits like age and criminal history Can be modified through treatment or intervention Are always fixed and permanent Which of the following is a static criminogenic risk factor? Substance abuse Anger management problems Criminal history Unemployment Which scenario best demonstrates an internal motive causing criminal behaviour? Stealing food because of extreme hunger Receiving a bonus for completing a task Avoiding punishment by following school rules Gaining praise from parents According to Daly’s (1992) pathways theory, which group of female offenders often remains in abusive intimate relationships? Street women Drug-connected women Battered women Other women Which of the following is NOT one of Daly’s five pathways for female offenders? Harmed women Battered women Career women Drug-connected women Parents who abuse substances primarily elevate the likelihood of involvement in criminal behaviour among their children through: Genetic transmission Improved discipline Lack of supervision Genetic inheritance What does the term "atavism" refer to in criminology? The study of family background in offenders The re-emergence of a trait after several generations of absence Classification of offenders based on psychological traits The risk level of an offender Individuals exhibiting low levels of self-control are more inclined to: Carefully think about and plan their actions Avoid risky behaviour Act impulsively and irresponsibly Display high emotional regulation For a subject to qualify as an independent discipline, which requirements must be met? Unique research field and applicability to practice. Reliability and scientific methodology. Applicability to several fields and unique research field. Theoretical foundation and scientific methodology. Criminologists’ definitions of crime dominate… in their profession. opinions, theories and suggestions approaches, definitions and behaviour values, perspective and knowledge thinking, research and attitudes Which of the following are the two perspectives used by criminologists to study and define crime? Judicial and legal Judicial and non-legal Non-judicial and social Legal and non-legal What are the two primary objectives of the criminal justice system? Punishment and deterrence Sentencing and rehabilitation Retribution and punishment Incapacitation and justice Criminologists use scientific … that try to answer questions relating to crime. patterns themes methods forms According to the juridical elements of crime, the … refers to the culpable frame of mind when a person commits a crime, where deliberate intent and negligence are used to determine the person's accountability. wrongfulness of the act element of guilt act itself element of punishment According to non-judicial scholars, criminology should not focus on crime alone, but should also study: Any behaviour that is acceptable to the majority of people. Any behaviour that is unacceptable to the majority of people. Any behaviour that is acceptable to the minority of people. Any behaviour that is unacceptable to the minority of people. Which of the options below is NOT one of the sentences a court may impose for punishment? A correctional sentence A suspended sentence A fine Community supervision As explained by Bezuidenhout and Little (2011), the process of understanding deviant behaviour takes place when … is understood in its totality. the community the offender population the social environment the criminal intent Choose the most correct option. A crime is deemed to have taken place in the following situations: Where there is complicity implying conscious, deliberate advancement of crime, where an accomplice identifies with crime and inadvertently assists the criminal afterwards. Where there is complicity implying conscious, deliberate advancement of crime where an accomplice identifies with the crime and actively assists the criminal afterwards. Where there is complicity implying unconscious, deliberate advancement of a crime where an accomplice identifies with the crime and consciously assists the criminal afterwards. Where there is complicity implying conscious, unintentional advancement identifies with the crime and sub-consciously assists the criminal afterwards. The number of unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics is referred to by criminologists as: The dark figure of crime Limited police crime reports Predictive official statistics Unreliable official statistics Statistical data compiled by the police, courts and corrections and are regularly published by governments as indicators of crime levels, are referred to as: Crime trends Dark figure of crime Code of crime list Official crime statistics The increases and decreases in the rate of a specific crime are referred to as: Crime trends Dark figure of crime Code of crime list Official crime statistics Based on the previous crime classification by the South African Police Service (SAPS), which one of the crimes listed below was classified under the social fabric crimes? Common assault Arson Attempted murder Illegal possession of firearms The following are the characteristics of an ectomorph: Heavy person with short arms and legs, soft and chubby Thin, flat and fragile looking Athletic, heavy and muscular Thin, flat and sturdy-looking … disorders have a biological (genetic) and a psychological influence on human behaviour. Psychological Sociological Biological Physiological The link between crime and alcohol abuse is believed to lie in the explanation that alcohol reduces … which could trigger criminal behaviour. inhibitions guilt shame gratification According to Bartol and Bartol (2005) … is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent violence for both males and females. childhood aggression poverty alcohol abuse unemployment Which essential component of a theory is referenced in the excerpt below? A ‘‘good’’ theory will therefore be one that best reflects the findings of the research. Evidence of validity Predictability Plausibility Falsifiability Which one of the options below refers to the purpose of crime classification? To systematise information in order to know what the extent of crime is and then to determine why people commit a particular type of crime. To systematise information in order to know what types of crime there are and then to determine why people commit a particular type of crime. To systematise information in order to know what types of offenders there are and then to determine why people commit a particular type of crime. To systematise information in order to know what types of victims there are and then to determine why people commit a particular type of crime. The main criticism against crime classification systems is that the various categories of crime are not … mutually inclusive. disaggregated. mutually exclusive. separated.