NSG 3280 EXAM 3 (NEURO) WITH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of
increased ICP? - answer-Change in level of
consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? -
answer-Headache, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision,
slow pupillary response.
What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? -
answer-Nerve tissue struggles with anaerobic
metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased
oxygen.
What is ischemia? - answer-Cell death.
,What is hypoxia? - answer-Decreased oxygen
leading to mitochondrial failure and cell damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - answer-
Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? -
answer-Ischemia increases glutamate release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? -
answer-Increased calcium and water enter the cell,
causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to?
- answer-Increased production of nitrous oxide, free
radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure
(ICP)? - answer-0-15 mmHg
,At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? -
answer-> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial
cavity according to the Monroe-Kellie doctrine? -
answer-Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
What is intracranial compliance? - answer-The
ability of the cranial components to adjust to
changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight
changes in ICP. - answer-Sneeze, cough, bending,
laugh
What is interstitial edema? - answer-Swelling
caused by fluid, electrolytes, and proteins forced
, into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or
increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - answer-Global
ischemia leading to cellular energy failure and Na+
accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is Cushing's Triad? - answer-A late sign of
increased ICP characterized by ↑BP, ↓HR, and
respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale
(GCS) score indicate? - answer-A potential decrease
in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the
Glasgow Coma Scale? - answer-4 for spontaneous
eye opening.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of
increased ICP? - answer-Change in level of
consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? -
answer-Headache, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision,
slow pupillary response.
What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? -
answer-Nerve tissue struggles with anaerobic
metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased
oxygen.
What is ischemia? - answer-Cell death.
,What is hypoxia? - answer-Decreased oxygen
leading to mitochondrial failure and cell damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - answer-
Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? -
answer-Ischemia increases glutamate release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? -
answer-Increased calcium and water enter the cell,
causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to?
- answer-Increased production of nitrous oxide, free
radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure
(ICP)? - answer-0-15 mmHg
,At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? -
answer-> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial
cavity according to the Monroe-Kellie doctrine? -
answer-Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
What is intracranial compliance? - answer-The
ability of the cranial components to adjust to
changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight
changes in ICP. - answer-Sneeze, cough, bending,
laugh
What is interstitial edema? - answer-Swelling
caused by fluid, electrolytes, and proteins forced
, into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or
increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - answer-Global
ischemia leading to cellular energy failure and Na+
accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is Cushing's Triad? - answer-A late sign of
increased ICP characterized by ↑BP, ↓HR, and
respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale
(GCS) score indicate? - answer-A potential decrease
in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the
Glasgow Coma Scale? - answer-4 for spontaneous
eye opening.
