TESTBANK FOR mcCANCE AND HUETHER’S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The Bi
g g g g g g g
ological Basis for Diseases in Adults and Children 9th Edition/All Chapters
g g g g g g g g g g
/Complete Guide 2024-2025
g g
,Chapterg1:gCellulargBiology
MULTIPLEgCHOICE
1. Whichgstatementgbestgdescribesgthegcellulargfunctiongofgmetabolicgabsorption?
a. Cellsgcangproducegproteins. c. Cellsgcangtakegingandgusegnutrients.
b. Cellsgcangsecretegdigestivegenzymes. d.g Cellsgcangsynthesizegfats.
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
Reasoning:-
>>>Ingmetabolicgabsorption,gallgcellsgtakegingandgusegnutrientsgandgothergsubstancesgfromgt
heirgsurroundings.gThegremaininggoptionsgaregnotginclusivegingtheirgdescriptionsgofgcellulargm
etabolicgabsorption.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg2
2. Mostgofgagcell’sggeneticginformation,gincludinggRNAgandgDNA,gisgcontainedgingthe:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d.g g Lysosome
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegnucleusgcontainsgthegnucleolus,gagsmallgdensegstructuregcomposedglargelygofgRNA,g
mostgofgthegcellulargDNA,gandgthegDNA-
bindinggproteins,gsuchgasgtheghistones,gwhichgregulategitsgactivity.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgc
ontaingmostgofgagcell’sggeneticginformation.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg2
3. Whichgcomponentgofgtheg cellgprodNuUceRsS IhNyGd Tr oBg. CenO M
p eroxide g(H2O2)gbygusinggoxygengtogre
moveghydrogengatomsgfromgspecificgsubstratesgingangoxidativegreaction?
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d.g Oxyhydrosomes
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Peroxisomesgaregsognamedgbecausegtheygusuallygcontaingenzymesgthatgusegoxygengto
gremoveghydrogengatomsgfromgspecificgsubstratesgingangoxidativegreactiongthatgproducesgH
2O2,gwhichgisgagpowerfulgoxidantgandgpotentiallygdestructivegifgitgaccumulatesgorgescapesgf
romgperoxisomes.gRibosomesgaregRNA-
proteingcomplexesg(nucleoproteins)gthatgaregsynthesizedgingthegnucleolusgandgsecretedgintog
thegcytoplasmgthroughgporesgingthegnucleargenvelopegcalledgnucleargporegcomplexes.gLysoso
mesgaregsaclikegstructuresgthatgoriginategfromgthegGolgigcomplexgandgcontaingmoregthang4
0gdigestivegenzymesgcalledghydrolases,gwhichgcatalyzegbondsgingproteins,glipids,gnucleicgaci
ds,gandgcarbohydrates.gOxyhydrosomesgareginvolvedgingenzymegproduction.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg8
4. Whichgcellgcomponentgisgcapablegofgcellulargautodigestiongwhengitgisgreleasedgduringgcell
ginjury?
a. Ribosome c. Smoothgendoplasmicgreticulum
b. Golgigcomplex d.g Lysosomes
ACCURATEgANSWER:-D
, Reasoning:-
>>>Theglysosomalgmembranegactsgasgagprotectivegshieldgbetweengthegpowerfulgdigestiveg
enzymesgwithingtheglysosomegandgthegcytoplasm,gblockinggtheirgleakagegintogthegcytoplasm
icgmatrix.gDisruptiongofgthegmembranegbygvariousgtreatmentsgorgcellularginjurygleadsgtogagr
eleasegofgtheglysosomalgenzymes,gwhichgcangthengreactgwithgtheirgspecificgsubstrates,gcausin
ggcellulargself-digestion.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGsg7-8
5. Whatgisgthegsequencegofgstepsgingthegdevelopmentgofgagdigestivegenzymegbygthegpancre
asgcellsgfromgtheginitialgtranscriptiongtogthegreleasegfromgthegcell?
a. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegr
ibosomegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagsecretorygvesiclegtogthegcellgmem
brane.
b. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgRNAgbygDNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogtheglysos
omegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingangencapsulatedgmembranegtogthegcellgmem
brane.
c. Thegenzymegisgtranscribedgbygthegmitochondriagingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegrib
osomegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagcytoskeletongtogthegcellgmembrane.
d. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegGol
gigcomplexgforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagcytosolgtogthegcellgmembrane.
ACCURATEgANSWER:-A
Reasoning:-
>>>ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegribosom
egforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagsecretorygvesiclegtogthegcellgmembrane.gThegothergo
ptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg7g|gFigureg1-5
6. DuringgwhichgphasegofgthegcellgcyclegisgDNAgsynthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d.g M
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegfourgdesignatedgphasesgofgthegcellgcyclegare:g(1)gthegG1gphaseg(Gg=ggap),gwhich
gisgthegperiodgbetweengthegMgphaseg(Mg=gmitosis)gandgthegstartgofgDNAgsynthesis;g(2)gthegS
gphaseg(Sg=gsynthesis),gduringgwhichgDNAgisgsynthesizedgingthegcellgnucleus;g(3)gthegG2gphas
e,gduringgwhichgRNAgandgproteingsynthesisgoccurs,gthegperiodgbetweengthegcompletiongofgD
NAgsynthesisgandgthegnextgphaseg(M);gandg(4)gthegMgphase,gwhichgincludesgnucleargandgcyt
oplasmicgdivision.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg37
7. Whatgorganicgcompoundgfacilitatesgtransportationgacrossgcellgmembranesgbygactingga
sgreceptors,gtransportation/transportgchannelsgforgelectrolytes,gandgenzymesgtogdriveg
activegpumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d.g Carbohydrates
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
, Reasoning:-
>>>Proteinsgactgasg(1)grecognitiongandgbindinggunitsg(receptors)gforgsubstancesgmovingging
andgoutgofgthegcell;g(2)gporesgorgtransportation/transportgchannelsgforgvariousgelectricallygc
hargedgparticlesgcalledgionsgorgelectrolytesgandgspecificgcarriersgforgaminogacidsgandgmonos
accharides;gand
(3)gspecificgenzymesgthatgdrivegactivegpumpsgthatgpromotegthegconcentrationgofgcertaingio
ns,gparticularlygpotassiumg(K+),gwithingthegcellgwhilegkeepinggconcentrationsgofgothergions,gf
orgexample,gsodiumg(Na+),gbelowgthegconcentrationsgfoundgingthegextracellulargenvironme
nt.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg13g|gPGg15
8. Understandinggthegvariousgstepsgofgproteolyticgcascades,gsuchgasgcaspase-
mediatedgapoptosisgandgcomplementgcascades,gmaygbegusefulgingdesigninggdruggtherap
ygforgwhichghumangdiseases?
a. Cardiacgandgvasculargdisorders
b. Autoimmunegandgmalignantgdisorders
c. Gastrointestinalgandgrenalgdisorders
d. Endocrinegandggastrointestinalgdisorders
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Understandinggthegvariousgstepsginvolvedgingthisgprocessgisgcrucialgforgdesigninggdrug
ginterventions.gDysregulationgofgproteasesgfeaturesgprominentlygingmanyghumangdiseases,gi
ncludinggcancer,gautoimmunity,gandgneurodegenerativegdisorders.gThegothergoptionsgdogno
tgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g g PGg15
9. Whichgstructuregblocksgwater-
solublegmoleculesgfromgenteringgcellsgacrossgthegplasmag
membrane?
a. Carbohydrategchains c. Membranegchannelgproteins
b. Glycoproteingchannels d.g Lipidgbilayer
ACCURATEgANSWER:-D
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegbilayer’sgstructuregaccountsgforgonegofgthegessentialgfunctionsgofgthegplasmagmem
brane.gItgisgimpermeablegtogmostgwater-
solublegmoleculesg(moleculesgthatgdissolvegingwater)gbecausegthegwater-
solublegmoleculesgareginsolublegingthegoilygcoregregion.gThegbilayergservesgasgagbarriergto
gthegdiffusiongofgwatergandghydrophilicgsubstancesgwhilegallowingglipid-
solublegmolecules,gsuchgasgoxygeng(O2)gandgcarbongdioxideg(CO2),gtogdiffusegthroughgitgr
eadily.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGsg12-13
10. Thegfluidgmosaicgmodelgexplains:
a. Howgagcellgmembranegfunctions
b. Whygourgbodiesgappeargtogbegsolid
c. Howgtissuegisgdifferentiated
d. Howgfluidgmovesgbetweengthegintracellulargandgextracellulargcompartments
ACCURATEgANSWER:-A
Reasoning:->>>Thegfluidgmosaicgmodelgaccountsgforgthegflexibilitygofgcellulargmembranes,gtheir
self-
sealinggproperties,gandgtheirgimpermeabilitygtogmanygsubstances.gThegremaininggoptionsgd
ognotgexplaingthegmosaicgmodel.
g g g g g g g
ological Basis for Diseases in Adults and Children 9th Edition/All Chapters
g g g g g g g g g g
/Complete Guide 2024-2025
g g
,Chapterg1:gCellulargBiology
MULTIPLEgCHOICE
1. Whichgstatementgbestgdescribesgthegcellulargfunctiongofgmetabolicgabsorption?
a. Cellsgcangproducegproteins. c. Cellsgcangtakegingandgusegnutrients.
b. Cellsgcangsecretegdigestivegenzymes. d.g Cellsgcangsynthesizegfats.
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
Reasoning:-
>>>Ingmetabolicgabsorption,gallgcellsgtakegingandgusegnutrientsgandgothergsubstancesgfromgt
heirgsurroundings.gThegremaininggoptionsgaregnotginclusivegingtheirgdescriptionsgofgcellulargm
etabolicgabsorption.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg2
2. Mostgofgagcell’sggeneticginformation,gincludinggRNAgandgDNA,gisgcontainedgingthe:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d.g g Lysosome
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegnucleusgcontainsgthegnucleolus,gagsmallgdensegstructuregcomposedglargelygofgRNA,g
mostgofgthegcellulargDNA,gandgthegDNA-
bindinggproteins,gsuchgasgtheghistones,gwhichgregulategitsgactivity.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgc
ontaingmostgofgagcell’sggeneticginformation.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg2
3. Whichgcomponentgofgtheg cellgprodNuUceRsS IhNyGd Tr oBg. CenO M
p eroxide g(H2O2)gbygusinggoxygengtogre
moveghydrogengatomsgfromgspecificgsubstratesgingangoxidativegreaction?
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d.g Oxyhydrosomes
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Peroxisomesgaregsognamedgbecausegtheygusuallygcontaingenzymesgthatgusegoxygengto
gremoveghydrogengatomsgfromgspecificgsubstratesgingangoxidativegreactiongthatgproducesgH
2O2,gwhichgisgagpowerfulgoxidantgandgpotentiallygdestructivegifgitgaccumulatesgorgescapesgf
romgperoxisomes.gRibosomesgaregRNA-
proteingcomplexesg(nucleoproteins)gthatgaregsynthesizedgingthegnucleolusgandgsecretedgintog
thegcytoplasmgthroughgporesgingthegnucleargenvelopegcalledgnucleargporegcomplexes.gLysoso
mesgaregsaclikegstructuresgthatgoriginategfromgthegGolgigcomplexgandgcontaingmoregthang4
0gdigestivegenzymesgcalledghydrolases,gwhichgcatalyzegbondsgingproteins,glipids,gnucleicgaci
ds,gandgcarbohydrates.gOxyhydrosomesgareginvolvedgingenzymegproduction.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg8
4. Whichgcellgcomponentgisgcapablegofgcellulargautodigestiongwhengitgisgreleasedgduringgcell
ginjury?
a. Ribosome c. Smoothgendoplasmicgreticulum
b. Golgigcomplex d.g Lysosomes
ACCURATEgANSWER:-D
, Reasoning:-
>>>Theglysosomalgmembranegactsgasgagprotectivegshieldgbetweengthegpowerfulgdigestiveg
enzymesgwithingtheglysosomegandgthegcytoplasm,gblockinggtheirgleakagegintogthegcytoplasm
icgmatrix.gDisruptiongofgthegmembranegbygvariousgtreatmentsgorgcellularginjurygleadsgtogagr
eleasegofgtheglysosomalgenzymes,gwhichgcangthengreactgwithgtheirgspecificgsubstrates,gcausin
ggcellulargself-digestion.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGsg7-8
5. Whatgisgthegsequencegofgstepsgingthegdevelopmentgofgagdigestivegenzymegbygthegpancre
asgcellsgfromgtheginitialgtranscriptiongtogthegreleasegfromgthegcell?
a. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegr
ibosomegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagsecretorygvesiclegtogthegcellgmem
brane.
b. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgRNAgbygDNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogtheglysos
omegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingangencapsulatedgmembranegtogthegcellgmem
brane.
c. Thegenzymegisgtranscribedgbygthegmitochondriagingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegrib
osomegforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagcytoskeletongtogthegcellgmembrane.
d. ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegGol
gigcomplexgforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagcytosolgtogthegcellgmembrane.
ACCURATEgANSWER:-A
Reasoning:-
>>>ThegenzymegisgtranscribedgfromgDNAgbygRNAgingthegnucleus,gproceedsgtogthegribosom
egforgsynthesis,gandgisgconductedgingagsecretorygvesiclegtogthegcellgmembrane.gThegothergo
ptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg7g|gFigureg1-5
6. DuringgwhichgphasegofgthegcellgcyclegisgDNAgsynthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d.g M
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegfourgdesignatedgphasesgofgthegcellgcyclegare:g(1)gthegG1gphaseg(Gg=ggap),gwhich
gisgthegperiodgbetweengthegMgphaseg(Mg=gmitosis)gandgthegstartgofgDNAgsynthesis;g(2)gthegS
gphaseg(Sg=gsynthesis),gduringgwhichgDNAgisgsynthesizedgingthegcellgnucleus;g(3)gthegG2gphas
e,gduringgwhichgRNAgandgproteingsynthesisgoccurs,gthegperiodgbetweengthegcompletiongofgD
NAgsynthesisgandgthegnextgphaseg(M);gandg(4)gthegMgphase,gwhichgincludesgnucleargandgcyt
oplasmicgdivision.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg37
7. Whatgorganicgcompoundgfacilitatesgtransportationgacrossgcellgmembranesgbygactingga
sgreceptors,gtransportation/transportgchannelsgforgelectrolytes,gandgenzymesgtogdriveg
activegpumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d.g Carbohydrates
ACCURATEgANSWER:-C
, Reasoning:-
>>>Proteinsgactgasg(1)grecognitiongandgbindinggunitsg(receptors)gforgsubstancesgmovingging
andgoutgofgthegcell;g(2)gporesgorgtransportation/transportgchannelsgforgvariousgelectricallygc
hargedgparticlesgcalledgionsgorgelectrolytesgandgspecificgcarriersgforgaminogacidsgandgmonos
accharides;gand
(3)gspecificgenzymesgthatgdrivegactivegpumpsgthatgpromotegthegconcentrationgofgcertaingio
ns,gparticularlygpotassiumg(K+),gwithingthegcellgwhilegkeepinggconcentrationsgofgothergions,gf
orgexample,gsodiumg(Na+),gbelowgthegconcentrationsgfoundgingthegextracellulargenvironme
nt.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGg13g|gPGg15
8. Understandinggthegvariousgstepsgofgproteolyticgcascades,gsuchgasgcaspase-
mediatedgapoptosisgandgcomplementgcascades,gmaygbegusefulgingdesigninggdruggtherap
ygforgwhichghumangdiseases?
a. Cardiacgandgvasculargdisorders
b. Autoimmunegandgmalignantgdisorders
c. Gastrointestinalgandgrenalgdisorders
d. Endocrinegandggastrointestinalgdisorders
ACCURATEgANSWER:-B
Reasoning:-
>>>Understandinggthegvariousgstepsginvolvedgingthisgprocessgisgcrucialgforgdesigninggdrug
ginterventions.gDysregulationgofgproteasesgfeaturesgprominentlygingmanyghumangdiseases,gi
ncludinggcancer,gautoimmunity,gandgneurodegenerativegdisorders.gThegothergoptionsgdogno
tgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g g PGg15
9. Whichgstructuregblocksgwater-
solublegmoleculesgfromgenteringgcellsgacrossgthegplasmag
membrane?
a. Carbohydrategchains c. Membranegchannelgproteins
b. Glycoproteingchannels d.g Lipidgbilayer
ACCURATEgANSWER:-D
Reasoning:-
>>>Thegbilayer’sgstructuregaccountsgforgonegofgthegessentialgfunctionsgofgthegplasmagmem
brane.gItgisgimpermeablegtogmostgwater-
solublegmoleculesg(moleculesgthatgdissolvegingwater)gbecausegthegwater-
solublegmoleculesgareginsolublegingthegoilygcoregregion.gThegbilayergservesgasgagbarriergto
gthegdiffusiongofgwatergandghydrophilicgsubstancesgwhilegallowingglipid-
solublegmolecules,gsuchgasgoxygeng(O2)gandgcarbongdioxideg(CO2),gtogdiffusegthroughgitgr
eadily.gThegothergoptionsgdognotgcorrectlygdescribegthisgprocess.
PTS:g g 1 REF:g PGsg12-13
10. Thegfluidgmosaicgmodelgexplains:
a. Howgagcellgmembranegfunctions
b. Whygourgbodiesgappeargtogbegsolid
c. Howgtissuegisgdifferentiated
d. Howgfluidgmovesgbetweengthegintracellulargandgextracellulargcompartments
ACCURATEgANSWER:-A
Reasoning:->>>Thegfluidgmosaicgmodelgaccountsgforgthegflexibilitygofgcellulargmembranes,gtheir
self-
sealinggproperties,gandgtheirgimpermeabilitygtogmanygsubstances.gThegremaininggoptionsgd
ognotgexplaingthegmosaicgmodel.
