4 types of conjunctivitis - ANSWER Allergic
Bacterial
Toxic
Viral
Allergic Conjunctivitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to a reaction
from allergies.
S/S: itching of the eyes
Characterized: red eyes, accompanied by sneezing
Bacterial conjunctivitis - ANSWER pinkeye; very contagious, 2nd most common form.
purulent or mucopurulent discharge in one or both the eyes.
S/S: red and itchy eyes
Toxic Conjunctivitis - ANSWER typically develops following administration of a medica-
tion or direct contact with a corrosive or noxious chemical.
Viral conjunctivitis - ANSWER adenovirus; highly contagious**
swimming pools - epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
*erythema, copious watery discharge
tx: eye lavage with normal saline BID x7-14 days/vasoconstrictor-antihistamine drops
1
,Primary Otalgia - ANSWER Caused by a problem directly associated to the ear, such as
w/ an ear infection, swimmer's ear, trauma, XS cerumen
Referred otalgia - ANSWER originates in another anatomic structure such as in the
mouth, throat, or neck
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) - ANSWER an infection of the middle ear space. Most com-
mon in kids <8 yo
cause of acute otitis media - ANSWER Often secondary to viral URI w/eustachian tube
dysfunction
Most common bacterial agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae
symptoms of acute otitis media - ANSWER unilateral otalgia (ear pain), pulling & tug-
ging at the ears, irritability, headache, restlessness, poor feeding, anorexia, vomiting, or diar-
rhea, ears feel full, low grade fever.
PE: tympanic membrane inflamed (erythema) and bulging, decreased light reflex, decreased
mobility on insufflation.
How is acute otitis media diagnosed? - ANSWER clinical presentation
objective findings on physical exam (otoscopy) combined with the patient's history and pre-
senting signs and symptoms
Management of acute otitis media - ANSWER -the goal of treatment is to control pain
and to treat the infectious process with antibiotics
-Adults with AOM should be treated with antibiotics: first line agent is amoxicillin/clavula-
nate
-Recurrent cases that do not resolve despite treatment may need referral to otolaryngologist
2
, first line treatment for acute otitis media - ANSWER amoxicillin 875 mg with clavula-
nate 125 mg orally twice daily.
mild to moderate: five to seven days
severe: 10 days
otitis media with effusion - ANSWER presence of fluid in the middle ear without symp-
toms of acute infection.
As fluid builds up in the middle ear and Eustachian tube, it places pressure on the tympanic
membrane
precipitating factors of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER URI
Symptoms of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER hearing loss,
ear fullness,
complain of communication difficulties,
withdrawal, and lack of attention,
intermittent otalgia,
popping sensation of the ear
Management of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER -Otitis media with effusion gener-
ally resolves spontaneously with watchful waiting.
-However, if it is persistent, myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion is considered
an effective treatment.
Acute Otitis Externa (AOE) - ANSWER is an inflammation, that can be either infectious
or non-infectious, of the external auditory canal. "Swimmers ear"
symptoms of Acute Otitis Externa (AOE) - ANSWER complain of pruritus and ear pain
that is usually worse with manipulation of the tragus, pinna, or both. It can also present with
otorrhea, fullness sensation, and hearing loss.
3
Bacterial
Toxic
Viral
Allergic Conjunctivitis - ANSWER Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to a reaction
from allergies.
S/S: itching of the eyes
Characterized: red eyes, accompanied by sneezing
Bacterial conjunctivitis - ANSWER pinkeye; very contagious, 2nd most common form.
purulent or mucopurulent discharge in one or both the eyes.
S/S: red and itchy eyes
Toxic Conjunctivitis - ANSWER typically develops following administration of a medica-
tion or direct contact with a corrosive or noxious chemical.
Viral conjunctivitis - ANSWER adenovirus; highly contagious**
swimming pools - epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
*erythema, copious watery discharge
tx: eye lavage with normal saline BID x7-14 days/vasoconstrictor-antihistamine drops
1
,Primary Otalgia - ANSWER Caused by a problem directly associated to the ear, such as
w/ an ear infection, swimmer's ear, trauma, XS cerumen
Referred otalgia - ANSWER originates in another anatomic structure such as in the
mouth, throat, or neck
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) - ANSWER an infection of the middle ear space. Most com-
mon in kids <8 yo
cause of acute otitis media - ANSWER Often secondary to viral URI w/eustachian tube
dysfunction
Most common bacterial agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae
symptoms of acute otitis media - ANSWER unilateral otalgia (ear pain), pulling & tug-
ging at the ears, irritability, headache, restlessness, poor feeding, anorexia, vomiting, or diar-
rhea, ears feel full, low grade fever.
PE: tympanic membrane inflamed (erythema) and bulging, decreased light reflex, decreased
mobility on insufflation.
How is acute otitis media diagnosed? - ANSWER clinical presentation
objective findings on physical exam (otoscopy) combined with the patient's history and pre-
senting signs and symptoms
Management of acute otitis media - ANSWER -the goal of treatment is to control pain
and to treat the infectious process with antibiotics
-Adults with AOM should be treated with antibiotics: first line agent is amoxicillin/clavula-
nate
-Recurrent cases that do not resolve despite treatment may need referral to otolaryngologist
2
, first line treatment for acute otitis media - ANSWER amoxicillin 875 mg with clavula-
nate 125 mg orally twice daily.
mild to moderate: five to seven days
severe: 10 days
otitis media with effusion - ANSWER presence of fluid in the middle ear without symp-
toms of acute infection.
As fluid builds up in the middle ear and Eustachian tube, it places pressure on the tympanic
membrane
precipitating factors of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER URI
Symptoms of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER hearing loss,
ear fullness,
complain of communication difficulties,
withdrawal, and lack of attention,
intermittent otalgia,
popping sensation of the ear
Management of otitis media w/ effusion - ANSWER -Otitis media with effusion gener-
ally resolves spontaneously with watchful waiting.
-However, if it is persistent, myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion is considered
an effective treatment.
Acute Otitis Externa (AOE) - ANSWER is an inflammation, that can be either infectious
or non-infectious, of the external auditory canal. "Swimmers ear"
symptoms of Acute Otitis Externa (AOE) - ANSWER complain of pruritus and ear pain
that is usually worse with manipulation of the tragus, pinna, or both. It can also present with
otorrhea, fullness sensation, and hearing loss.
3
