ACVPM Epidemiology and Biostats
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Complete Questions And Correct
Detailed Answers || Brand New
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Define epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER largely concerned with disease prevention and
therefore with the succession of events which result in the exposure of specific types of
individual to specific types of environment. Epidemiologists ID exposures and evaluate
associations with health, welfare, productivity and other outcomes of interest
what is the major difference between epidemiologists and laboratory scientists? -
CORRECTANSWER epidemiologists study health and disease outcomes in the real world (under
field conditions)
what is the primary study design of epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER observational
define inductive reasoning - CORRECTANSWER process of making generalized inferences about
causation based on repeated observations
,define deductive reasoning - CORRECTANSWER process of inferring general law of nature exists
and has application in specific or local instance where a hypothesis about a law of nature starts
and observations are made to challenge the law
define what a cause is in epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER a cause is any factor that produces a
change in the severity or frequency of the outcome
define the component-cause model - CORRECTANSWER based on concepts of necessary and
sufficient causes developed by Rothman in 1976. Necessary cause is one without which the
disease CANNOT occur (the factor will ALWAYS be present if the dz occurs). Sufficient cause
always producers the disease (if the factor is present, DZ will follow). Component-cause is one
of a NUMBER of factors that in COMBINATION constitute a sufficient cause. Factors may be
present simultaneously or in sequence.
define causal complements in the component-cause model - CORRECTANSWER additional
components beyond the selected one that form sufficient causes for the exposure factor
define the prevention paradox - CORRECTANSWER large numbers of ppl must participate in
prevention to benefit the relatively few + large benefit of prevention at level of group often
offers little to each of the individuals of the group.
what is a causal-web - CORRECTANSWER links indirect and direct (often proximal causes) causes
(complements the component-cause model)
what is the most widely accepted conceptual basis for causation in epidemiology? -
CORRECTANSWER counterfactual or potential outcomes model
does association always imply causation? - CORRECTANSWER absolutely not
,what is a confounder? - CORRECTANSWER a variable (measured or not) related to exposure and
outcome
define causal-effect coefficient - CORRECTANSWER value of causation determined by the
measure of association
what are other names for causal diagrams? - CORRECTANSWER directed acyclic graphs or
modified path models
what makes up the total causal effect in a causal diagram? - CORRECTANSWER direct + indirect
causal path effects
how do you handle intervening variables in causal diagrams to estimate causal-effect? -
CORRECTANSWER you do not include them in statistical model (include only confounders)
what are Hill's criteria for causation? - CORRECTANSWER 1) temporality 2) strength of
association 3) consistency 4) biological plausibility 5) dose-response 6) specificity 7) analogy 8)
experimental evidence
how do screening and diagnostic tests vary? - CORRECTANSWER screening: tests to be used in
healthy animals (detect prevalence, disease agents)
diagnostic: confirm or classify dz, guide tx or aid in prognosis of clinical dz (abnormal
animals/challenge to ID specific dz)
NOTE: principles of evaluation/interpretation are the same for both tests
define analytic sensitivity and specificity - CORRECTANSWER sensitivity: detect chemical at the
lowest concentration the test can detected
specificity: capacity of a test to react to only one chemical compound
, define laboratory accuracy and precision - CORRECTANSWER accuracy: ability to give a true
measure of chemical
precision: relates to consistency of the results
define lab repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and agreement - CORRECTANSWER
repeatability: variability among results obtained from repeated testing of same sample within
same lab
reproducibility: variability among test results obtained from testing same sample from different
labs
reliability: refers to ability of a test to distinguish between individuals
agreement: how well 2 tests agree (measured similarly to precision)
what are commonly used techniques for quantifying variability between pairs of test results
(precision)? - CORRECTANSWER 1) coefficient of variation 2) Pearson correlation coefficient 3)
concordance correlation coefficient 4) limits of agreement plots 5) Intraclass correlation
coefficient
which one is recommended Pearson correlation coeff or concordance correlation coeff for
measuring linear associations between tests and why? - CORRECTANSWER Concordance
because Pearson ignores the scales of the 2 sets of results
what two values determine the product of concordance correlation coefficient? -
CORRECTANSWER accuracy parameter and pearson correlation coefficient (value of 1 indicates
perfect agreement)
when do you use Cohen's kappa (range 0 to 1)? - CORRECTANSWER to measure level of
agreement between 2 or more sets of test results with qualitative outcomes
Practice Exam ||Newest 2026|| With
Complete Questions And Correct
Detailed Answers || Brand New
Version! || Already Graded A+ ||
Guaranteed Pass!!!!!
Define epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER largely concerned with disease prevention and
therefore with the succession of events which result in the exposure of specific types of
individual to specific types of environment. Epidemiologists ID exposures and evaluate
associations with health, welfare, productivity and other outcomes of interest
what is the major difference between epidemiologists and laboratory scientists? -
CORRECTANSWER epidemiologists study health and disease outcomes in the real world (under
field conditions)
what is the primary study design of epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER observational
define inductive reasoning - CORRECTANSWER process of making generalized inferences about
causation based on repeated observations
,define deductive reasoning - CORRECTANSWER process of inferring general law of nature exists
and has application in specific or local instance where a hypothesis about a law of nature starts
and observations are made to challenge the law
define what a cause is in epidemiology - CORRECTANSWER a cause is any factor that produces a
change in the severity or frequency of the outcome
define the component-cause model - CORRECTANSWER based on concepts of necessary and
sufficient causes developed by Rothman in 1976. Necessary cause is one without which the
disease CANNOT occur (the factor will ALWAYS be present if the dz occurs). Sufficient cause
always producers the disease (if the factor is present, DZ will follow). Component-cause is one
of a NUMBER of factors that in COMBINATION constitute a sufficient cause. Factors may be
present simultaneously or in sequence.
define causal complements in the component-cause model - CORRECTANSWER additional
components beyond the selected one that form sufficient causes for the exposure factor
define the prevention paradox - CORRECTANSWER large numbers of ppl must participate in
prevention to benefit the relatively few + large benefit of prevention at level of group often
offers little to each of the individuals of the group.
what is a causal-web - CORRECTANSWER links indirect and direct (often proximal causes) causes
(complements the component-cause model)
what is the most widely accepted conceptual basis for causation in epidemiology? -
CORRECTANSWER counterfactual or potential outcomes model
does association always imply causation? - CORRECTANSWER absolutely not
,what is a confounder? - CORRECTANSWER a variable (measured or not) related to exposure and
outcome
define causal-effect coefficient - CORRECTANSWER value of causation determined by the
measure of association
what are other names for causal diagrams? - CORRECTANSWER directed acyclic graphs or
modified path models
what makes up the total causal effect in a causal diagram? - CORRECTANSWER direct + indirect
causal path effects
how do you handle intervening variables in causal diagrams to estimate causal-effect? -
CORRECTANSWER you do not include them in statistical model (include only confounders)
what are Hill's criteria for causation? - CORRECTANSWER 1) temporality 2) strength of
association 3) consistency 4) biological plausibility 5) dose-response 6) specificity 7) analogy 8)
experimental evidence
how do screening and diagnostic tests vary? - CORRECTANSWER screening: tests to be used in
healthy animals (detect prevalence, disease agents)
diagnostic: confirm or classify dz, guide tx or aid in prognosis of clinical dz (abnormal
animals/challenge to ID specific dz)
NOTE: principles of evaluation/interpretation are the same for both tests
define analytic sensitivity and specificity - CORRECTANSWER sensitivity: detect chemical at the
lowest concentration the test can detected
specificity: capacity of a test to react to only one chemical compound
, define laboratory accuracy and precision - CORRECTANSWER accuracy: ability to give a true
measure of chemical
precision: relates to consistency of the results
define lab repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and agreement - CORRECTANSWER
repeatability: variability among results obtained from repeated testing of same sample within
same lab
reproducibility: variability among test results obtained from testing same sample from different
labs
reliability: refers to ability of a test to distinguish between individuals
agreement: how well 2 tests agree (measured similarly to precision)
what are commonly used techniques for quantifying variability between pairs of test results
(precision)? - CORRECTANSWER 1) coefficient of variation 2) Pearson correlation coefficient 3)
concordance correlation coefficient 4) limits of agreement plots 5) Intraclass correlation
coefficient
which one is recommended Pearson correlation coeff or concordance correlation coeff for
measuring linear associations between tests and why? - CORRECTANSWER Concordance
because Pearson ignores the scales of the 2 sets of results
what two values determine the product of concordance correlation coefficient? -
CORRECTANSWER accuracy parameter and pearson correlation coefficient (value of 1 indicates
perfect agreement)
when do you use Cohen's kappa (range 0 to 1)? - CORRECTANSWER to measure level of
agreement between 2 or more sets of test results with qualitative outcomes
