Research Final Exam Review: NURS321 | Complete Questions and Answers | Latest 100% Winter 2026 - Coppin State University.

Research Final Exam Review: NURS321 | Complete Questions and Answers | Latest 100% Winter 2026 - Coppin State University. Research Final Exam Review 1. A nurse with a Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following? (Choose all that apply) a. Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines b. Conduct independent nursing studies c. Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent research d. Appraise and summarize research findings 2. When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all first-grade students from two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by: a. Exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to pretreatment data b. Randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the control group c. Assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control group d. Using all of the subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of subjects from a similar study 3. In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships among variables without being able to manipulate the variables? a. Quasi-experimental b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Descriptive 4. A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher develops theories about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent? a. Grounded theory b. Ethnographic c. Historical d. Phenomenological 5. The beginning nurse researcher would like to investigate credible resources for implementing protocols in clinical practice. Which of the following would be considered empirical sources of nursing knowledge? a. Care maps and protocols b. Reasoning, authority, and tradition c. Role modeling and trial and error d. Quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research 6. When gathering data for a study using observational methods, it is important for the data collector to: a. Direct subjects by setting the stage through structured questionsb. Record those actions and words that are related to the focus of the study c. Be observant of all that is done and said and unsaid d. Participate directly with subjects in order to better understand them 7. Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency for evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individual patient b. Adhering to published guidelines to provide care for a specific population c. Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies d. Using evidence gained solely from experimental studies to guide care 8. A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called: a. Dwelling with the data b. Describing the data c. Interpreting the data d. Coding the data 9. A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-American children with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population? a. Children with type II diabetes b. All people with type II diabetes c. Native-American children with type I diabetes d. African-Americans with type II diabetes 10. How is theory tested in quantitative research? a. Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated b. Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested c. Relationships among concepts are tested d. The entire theory is proven or disproven 11. A operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will be: a. Understood in context of a theoretical framework b. Given theoretical meaning c. Measured and manipulated d. Linked to other variables or concepts 12. What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care b. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior c. It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols d. Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP 13. How is theory tested in quantitative research? a. Relationships among concepts are testedb. Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated c. The entire theory is proven or disproven d. Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested 14. A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aid medication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab while participating. Which type of research setting in this? a. Natural b. Partially controlled c. Field d. Highly controlled 15. What study design involves no intention on the part of the researcher? (Choose all that apply) a. Correlational b. Quasi-experimental c. Descriptive d. Experimental 16. How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies? a. Through convenience sampling b. Based on knowledge or experience c. As volunteers through advertising for subjects d. By random sampling methods 17. What type of data collection method is most common in qualitative research? a. Participation and immersion in the lives of subjects b. Interviews with and observation of subjects c. Distribution and review of questionnaires from subjects d. Review of historical documents and literature about subjects 18. The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women’s attitudes toward health care in order to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of review will the nurse researcher use? a. Meta-synthesis b. Meta-analysis c. Systematic review d. Mixed-methods systematic review 19. Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? (Choose all that apply). a. Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies b. Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables c. Experimental research is the only type of quantitative research that is valid d. Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible 20. To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researcher might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller scale study is known as a/an:a. Abstract b. Exploratory design c. Pilot study d. Proposal 21. What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called? a. Primary sources b. Participants c. Secondary sources d. Experimental subjects 22. Which standards were developed to help nursing students develop the skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to continuously improve quality and safety? a. Magnet b. QSEN c. IRB d. EBP 23. The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study? a. Prediction b. Control c. Explanation d. Description 24. What is the purpose of qualitative research? a. To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies b. To establish casual relationships among subjective data c. To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified d. To describe experiences and insight from the subject’s perspective 25. Which type of setting is most commonly used in qualitative research? a. Multiple b. Partially controlled c. Controlled d. Natural 26. Which best describes evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care b. To utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomes c. A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients d. The development of population care guidelines applicable to all patients 27. A researcher conducts a qualitative study and learns that individuals have a variety of reactions to an event. What can the researcher conclude from this finding? a. The finding are interesting, but are not useful for theory development b. The reactions described in this study may be generalized to a larger population c. The variety of reactions is expected since perception varies with individualsd. The study has little significance since there is no well-defined single outcome 28. Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statistical analysis during the Crimean War? a. Using clinical research to evaluate the importance of sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutrition b. Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentation c. Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public d. Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care 29. The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education and emergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type of research study will this researcher use? a. Phenomenological b. Historical c. Correlational d. Basic 30. The practice of nursing is considered: a. An art and a science b. An experiment with EBP c. An art used by professionals d. A science with integrated practices 31. In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identified a need to: a. Acquire clinical knowledge and expertise b. Fund academic nursing research c. Focuse on evidence-based practice d. Prepare a workforce of nurse scientists 32. In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Quasi-experimental d. Descriptive 33. The methodology portion of the research report is used to: a. Describe the study design b. Discuss the implications of the study c. Summarize the purpose, methods, and results d. Provide a theoretical framework for the study 34. Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects when describing results? a. Meta-analysis b. Meta-synthesis c. Mixed-methods systematic review d. Systematic review 35. The purpose of a study abstract is to: a. Summarize a study concisely and capture the reader’s attentionb. Describe the reason for conducting the study c. Outline the theoretical framework that defines the study d. Summarize previous research about the study’s topic 36. A researcher conducts a review of relevant literature prior to developing a research study in order to: a. Avoid duplication of research ideas b. Determine which theoretical framework is best adapted to the research problem c. Determine which type of study would be most cost-effective d. Identify what is known and unknown about a particular problem 37. Basic research seeks to: a. Predict or control outcomes of variables b. Validate or test theoretical frameworks c. Generate knowledge for knowledge’s sake d. Directly influence clinical practice 38. Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States a. True b. False 39. An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing is: a. Research and development of clinical practice guidelines b. Utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing c. Using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research d. Putting qualitative research into practice in clinical settings 40. The blue print for conducting a research study is: a. The study design b. Effect or outcome variable c. Quasi experiment d. Statistics 41. Under Ada Sue Hinshaw, the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to: a. Supporting the dissemination of nursing research b. Evaluating outcomes rather than process studies c. Funding nursing rather than medical research d. Increasing the status and funding for nursing research 42. Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are called: a. Assumptions b. Hypotheses c. Variables d. Limitations 43. What are the four types of quantitative research? (Select All That Apply) a. Correlational research b. Statistical research c. Descriptive researchd. Experimental research e. Quasi-experimental research 44. A researcher describes phrases and terms discovered in a qualitative study and describes and links these with various themes. This is an example of: a. Describing the data b. Dwelling with the data c. Interpreting the data d. Coding the data 45. The lead agency designated to improve health care quality is: a. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) b. American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) c. National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) d. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) 46. When noting the limitations of a research study, the nurse might make which observation? a. The subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups b. Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study c. Abstract concepts were defined using concrete, consistent terms d. The researcher included a discussion of the links between the study’s variable 47. An example of inductive reasoning is? a. Using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient b. Moving from chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient c. Using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients d. Going from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients 48. The goal of grounded theory research is to: a. Provide validity checks for constructs b. Establish an ethnographic perspective on subjects c. Test theoretical constructs and hypotheses d. Develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings 49. When the researcher describes the population of a study, the research consumer understands that this represents: a. Subjects selected for the study based on sampling techniques b. All people who meet inclusion criteria for the study c. Members of the study group and the control group d. All members of the population at large 50. A nurse researcher explains the relationships between research processes and the nursing process to a group od graduate-level nursing students. Which statement by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching? a. Nursing research leads to evidence-based nursing practice guidelines b. Nursing research has a broader focus than the nursing process c. The nursing process requires rigorous application of research methods d. The nursing process helps to identify potential nursing research problems51. When conducting a literature review for a thesis or dissertation and deciding how far back in the available literature to search, what will the student do? a. Ask the instructor to specify necessary publication years for articles cited b. Base the decision on the number of articles necessary for the assigned task c. Look for sources no older than 5 years prior d. Locate any seminal or landmark studies on the topic of research 52. The problem statement in a published study is usually identified in the: a. Result section b. Discussion section c. Methods section d. Introduction 53. When writing a proposal for a research study, the researcher includes a problem statement that serves to: a. Indicate the importance of the problem to nursing b. Define the specific focus of a study c. Describe what is known about the research problem d. Identify a gap in knowledge needed for practice e. l 54. The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to? a. Specify how the variable is defined and measured b. Detail data collection procedures c. Identify the expected outcomes of the study d. Assign relative importance to the variables 55. Identify the study where this happened: subjects did not receive penicillin when it was known to be an effective treatment for their disease: a. Willowbrook study b. Jewish chronic disease hospital study c. Nazi medical experiments d. Tuskegee syphilis study 56. The treatment or experimental activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the outcome: a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Extraneous variable d. Confounding variable 57. What is an important limitation of secondary sources in literature reviews? a. They are usually not peer-reviewed sources b. The authors do not have high levels of expertise c. They do not contain unique or original information d. They may contain misinterpreted information 58. A subject’s right to fair selection and treatment in a study is related to which ethical principle? a. Beneficence b. Privacyc. Justice d. Respect for persons 59. The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to: a. Critically appraise ethical aspects of published studies b. Define ethical standards for the institution c. Protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies d. Approve funding for studies based on ethical standards 60. A nurse researcher is conducting an outcomes research study and would like to focus on patient care. Which outcome would be most valuable to examine? a. Assessment b. Evaluations c. Care planning d. Interventions 61. The statement, Do patients who receive care in Patient-Centered Medical Home have fewer emergency department visits than those who do not? Is an example of a research: a. Hypothesis b. Method c. Aim d. Question 62. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated several ethical principles in which way? a. Failing to inform the Centers for Disease Control about the results of the study b. Coercion of subjects to participate in the study in exchange for treatment c. Not informing the subjects physicians that they were in the study d. Failing to inform subjects about the purpose and procedures in the study 63. The primary purpose for reviewing relevant literature is to: a. Delineate the existing knowledge base of identified problem b. Select the research design c. Develop conceptual and operational definitions of variables d. Interpret pervious research findings 64. When reviewing articles in a peer-reviewed publication, the reader is assured that the articles are: a. Seminal studies b. Trustworthy sources c. Landmark studies d. Primary sources 65. Two researchers did a study on the effect of topical applications of thermostatic pad on the sites of IV infiltration. In this study, warm is defined as temperature of 43 degrees centigrade or higher, cold is defined as a temperature of 5 degrees centigrade or lower. This is an example of which type of definition? a. Conceptual b. Hypothetical c. Operational d. Statistical 66. The feasibility of conducting a study is determined by examining which of the following?a. Significance of research problem b. Availability of subjects c. Researcher’s credibility d. Previous studies 67. A secondary source is: a. The second source found on a topic b. Never included in the review of literature c. The second pass in several cycles of finding articles for review d. Written by someone other than the person who originated the ideas published 68. Which is not a level of institutional review process: a. Complete or full review b. Exempt for review c. Continuous review d. Expedited review 69. Which of the following represents a primary source? a. A thesaurus that identifies keywords to use in a computer search b. The result of a computer search related to the main topic of interest c. A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study d. A published summary of the relevant research in a clinical area 70. The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to: a. Protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies b. Approve funding for studies based on ethical standards c. Define ethical standards for the institution d. Critically appraise ethical aspects of published studies 71. A critical aspect of beginning a database search for relevant literature on a topic of interest involves identifying: a. Keywords b. Electronic journals c. Reference management software d. Existing knowledge 72. Why might Wikipedia be a questionable reference for a study citation? a. It is an online resource b. It does not contain factual information c. It is an open, editable format d. It does not provide ideas for other resources 73. The most important initial step when developing a research study is to: a. Explore the background for the research problem b. State the research purpose c. Develop the problem statement d. Identify the research problem 74. In a research proposal, the researcher states that the proposed study will explore children’s feelings about chemotherapy side effects. This statement describes the: a. Problem significance b. Research purposec. Problem background d. Research problem 75. Which of the following would generally be a good way to limit a literature search? a. Specifying English only b. Selecting a time frame c. Narrowing the keywords d. All of the above 76. The statement, In this study, elevated blood glucose is a value greater than 110 mg/dL, is an example of a(n): a. Problem statement b. Associative hypothesis c. Operational definition d. Conceptual definition 77. A researcher wishes to study the effects of antiseizure medications on adult subjects who have severe cognitive impairments. Which statement is true about using these subjects in research? a. A legally authorized guardian must give informed consent b. Assent must be gained from the subjects and is sufficient for participation c. These adults cannot be used as subjects for this study d. The subjects physicians must give consent for participation in the study 78. When a researcher indicates that assent for participation was gained in a study involving 10 year old children, this indicates which has occurred? a. The children gave informed consent to participate in the study b. The parents do not need to give consent because the children gave consent c. The children have agreed to be subjects in the study d. The parents granted approval for their children to participate 79. Research that had subjects exposed to freezing temperatures, high altitudes, poisons. Untested drugs, and experimental surgeries were a component of which study? a. Tuskegee Syphilis Study b. Willowbrook Study c. Nazi Medical Experiments d. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study 80. Humans who have the freedom to conduct their lives as they choose without external control: a. Autonomous agents b. Research field workers c. Researchers d. Institutional review board members (IRB) 81. All of the following are important to consider when writing a review of the literature, except: a. The gaps in the literature should support the research question b. Sources within the literature should be secondary sources c. Internet sources can be used, but their credibility must be reflected d. Sources within the literature should be withing a 5-year limit82. When obtaining informed consent from study subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects freely choose whether or not to participate and will provide subjects: a. The right to choose whether to be in the control versus the study group b. General knowledge and overview of the study c. Information about the study methods and design d. Reports about the study results and conclusions 83. A research problem is defined as a(n): a. Statement that specifically indicates the study focus b. General area of concern requiring study c. Personal topic of interest d. Intended or desired result of a specific action 84. Which of the following indexes would provide the largest number of relevant nursing sources? a. Medline b. Nursing studies index c. Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature d. International nursing index 85. To safeguard the right to self-determination among research subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects: a. Are afforded anonymity to the researcher and the reader b. May choose whether or not to participate in a study c. Receive a large monetary reward for participating in the study d. Are allowed to choose whether to be in a control or a study group 86. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the difference between an independent and dependent variable? a. The independent variable is the criterion, while the dependent variable is the stimulus b. The independent variable is manipulated while the dependent variable is the consequence c. The independent variable is the consequence, while the dependent variable is the cause d. The independent variable is the cause while the dependent variable is the predictor 87. In the Willowbrook study, it was discovered that distinct types of hepatitis disease exist. Notably, hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and if the students received hepatitis antibodies before being infected with hepatitis, they would experience a milder case of the disease a. True b. False 88. It may not be necessary to include which of these in the consent form? a. Explanation of research procedures b. The hypotheses to be tested in the research c. Statement of research purpose d. Introduction to research activities89. The purpose of a quantitative study was to examine the effects of biofeedback on hypertension in African Americans. Which of the following statements identified below are accurate? a. All African American men are the sample b. Hypertension is the dependent variable c. Biofeedback is the outcome variable d. Biofeedback is the response variable 90. The statistical (null) hypothesis in a research study states that there is: a. A statistically significant relationship between variables b. An implied relationship between variables c. A causal relationship between variables d. No relationship between variables 91. A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study? a. Self-esteem, weight, and energy levels b. Obesity c. Low-fat diet d. Women over 40 92. Identify the type of hypothesis presented in this example: “Children from low-income families experience more parental abuse” a. Simple directional hypothesis b. Simple nondirectional hypothesis c. Complex, directional hypothesis d. Complex, nondirectional hypothesis 93. Henrietta Lacks was an African-American woman whose cancer cells are the source of the Hela cell line, the first immortalized human cell line and one of the most important cell lines in medical research a. True b. False 94. Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: Mothers of infants born with spina bifida who participate in support groups report higher levels of confidence when caring for their infants than do mothers who do not participate in support groups. a. Infants with spina bifida b. Support group participation c. Confidence in caring for their infants d. Mothers of infants with spina bifida 95. Which of the following contain the relevant principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice when conducting research? a. Informed consent principles b. Human right principles c. Benefit-risk ratio principles d. Ethical principles96. In a study about pregnant women’s’ use of tobacco, the researcher is able to link individual subjects identities to their responses on a questionnaire, but does not share this information with others. This is an example of: a. Breach of confidentiality b. Confidentiality c. Anonymity d. Privacy 97. The following hypothesis was stated in a study: “Nurses with experience in caring for patients with HIV have lower fear of HIV contagion.” Which of the following best describes this hypothesis? a. Complex directional b. Simple nondirectional c. Simple directional d. Complex nondirectional 98. The purpose of this study was to determine the patient’s rejection responses to cancer cells: a. Framingham study b. Nazi medical experiments c. Willowbrook study d. Jewish chronic disease hospital study 99. Some studies cited in a literature review may be decades old. The researcher may decide to use studies from this far back because these studies: a. Are still considered current studies b. Are groundbreaking or landmark studies c. Are particularly well-written studies d. Are peer-reviewed, relevant studies 100. In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients’ abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets: a. Inclusion criteria b. Sampling criteria c. Exclusion criteria d. Eligibility criteria 101. Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? a. Simple random b. Systematic c. Stratified random d. Purposeful 102. Which type of setting is more commonly used in qualitative research? a. Multiple b. Natural c. Partially controlled d. Controlled103. To examine the relationship among variables, we will use: a. Quasi-experimental design b. Experimental design c. Descriptive design d. Correlational design 104. All of the following statements are true about correlational designs, except: a. They provide cause and effect b. They can be predictive c. They can be conducted “ex post facto” d. They can be conducted prospectively 105. In a quasi-experimental study design, the group that receives placebo or nothing is usually referred to as the: a. Control group b. Intervention group c. Treatment group d. Experimental group 106. Which type of research design focuses on implementation of a treatment by the researcher? a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Ethnographic d. Experimental 107. A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL are an example of which of the following? a. Target population b. Accessible population c. Element of the population d. Sample population 108. An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either: a. 0.05 or 0.01 b. 0.005 or 0.001 c. 0.5 or 0.1 d. 0.03 or 0.003 109. Most phenomena in nursing would be considered: a. Physical b. Simple c. Unique d. Multicausal 110. Which is not an element of experimental design a. Manipulation of at least one independent variable b. Random sample c. Manipulation of at least one dependent variable d. Random assignment to groups111. The nurse generating a research study on gulf war veterans asked her first 10 participants to tell one of their veteran friends about the study. Each participant informed at least two of their veteran friends and the study was enlarged by an additional 8 participants with similar characteristics. This technique describes which sampling technique? a. Stratified sampling b. Quota sampling c. Network sampling d. Cluster sampling 112. A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred when: a. Subjects participating are representative of the general population b. The desired sample size has been reached c. Data collected confirms theoretical models d. Additional sampling reveals redundant information 113. Standing in front of HHSB building, every 4th student who entered the building was selected for a study about students’ opinion about safety on campus. This process was continued until a sample of 150 was reached. This is an example of: a. Cluster sampling b. Simple random c. Quota sampling d. Systematic sampling 114. In order to attribute causality of a posttest measure in an experimental study, the independent variable will be: a. Administered to subjects selected by the researcher b. Administered to treatment group subjects c. Defined loosely to avoid bias d. Administered to control group subjects only 115. Bias is a serious problem in a study because its effect is to: a. Control the study findings b. Distort the study findings c. Reduce the chance of error d. Change the setting of the study 116. A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample’s: a. Acceptance rate b. Retention rate c. Attrition rate d. Refusal rate 117. The blue print for conducting a research study is: a. Quasi experiment b. Statistics c. The study design d. Effect or outcome variable118. The statement that heart disease is caused by stress, high cholesterol, gene expression, and dietary patterns reflects the perspective of: a. Effect b. Causality c. Multicausality d. Probability 119. A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adult are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the: a. Accessible population b. Target population c. Sample d. Element of the population 120. In a design to test causality, it is essential that the: a. Study contains a rival hypothesis b. Subjects control the experimental situation c. Subjects be randomly assigned to groups d. Setting be controlled by the administration 121. Which setting is the most highly controlled setting? a. A school-based clinic b. An intensive care unit c. A research sleep lab d. A nursing home unit 122. A researcher wonders where geographically the highest incidence of home births occurs and what type of care the mothers who deliver at home have. Additional questions include how old these mothers are, whether or not they tend to be married, and what kind of complications are encountered. What type of study design would this researcher select to best answer these questions? a. A descriptive design b. A qualitative design c. A quasi-experimental design d. A correlational design 123. A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a: a. Representative sample b. Random sample c. Cluster sample d. Purposive sample 124. All the potential subjects/elements that meet the criteria for inclusion in a study are: a. General population b. Accessible population c. Target populationd. Sample 125. Distortion of study findings or to deviate from the true or expected is: a. Control b. Multicausality c. Manipulation d. Bias 126. The minimum acceptable level of power for a study is: a. 0.10 or 10% b. 0.8 or 80% c. 0.3 or 30% d. 0.9 or 90% 127. A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels which is the maximal amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second. The nurse uses the FEV1 levels of all patients admitted to the hospital and the FEV1 levels of the patients with COPD, during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? a. Quota b. Convenience c. Network d. Random 128. Which of the following sampling strategies is most often used in nursing research studies? a. Purposive b. Theoretical c. Simple random d. Convenience sampling 129. Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a. It is determined by the number of variables and data analysis techniques b. It is influenced by the expected effect size and the probability of a type II error c. It is determined by the sensitivity of the measurement tools d. It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge 130. The purpose of control in a study design is to: a. Ensure probability of results are true to reality b. Establish the credibility of the researcher c. Interfere with the validity of the findings d. Highlight design flaws 131. Which of these sampling techniques is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a larger population? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Systematic d. Quota 132. A study in which subjects are asked by the researcher to assign themselves into experimental and control groups increases:a. Manipulation b. Control c. Bias d. Validity 133. Which of the following statements about sampling techniques is accurate? a. Sampling techniques of qualitative and quantitative studies are the same b. Bias in the sample is decreased by random sampling c. Utilizing the “rule of 30” can weaken a study sample d. Convenience sampling has the list potential for bias 134. Calculate the refusal rate for a study in which 250 potential subjects were approached and 208 accepted participation in the study. What percentage of the potential subjects refused to participate? a. 16.8% 135. In experimental research, the researcher’s control of the “treatment” is referred as: a. Bias b. Manipulation c. Validity d. Random selection 136. Which is not a dependent variable: a. Effect or outcome variable b. End point variable c. Response variable d. Experimental variable 137. Purposive sampling is mostly used in what kind of study? a. Qualitative b. Experimental c. Quantitative d. Quasi-experimental 138. A critical appraisal of a study is: a. A subjective analysis of merits and demerits of a study b. Analysis of everything the author(s) didn’t do right c. Balanced appraisal of a study’s strength and weakness d. A subjective examination of a study’s significance 139. Another name for purposive sampling is: a. Quota sampling b. Judgmental c. Network sampling d. Probability sampling 140. Identify the different types of probability or random sampling (Select All That Apply): a. Stratified random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Simple random samplingd. Network sampling e. Cluster sampling 141. The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to: a. Identify all attributed of the sample population b. Accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population c. Study an entire population d. Completely define the traits of the accessible population 142. A nurse is critiquing a published study. Which of the following questions is not an appropriate question to ask when examining the study? a. Is there evidence of researcher biases? b. Does the literature review provide a rationale and direction for the study? c. What preparation did the researcher have to conduct the study? d. Is the problem significant to nursing? 143. What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called? a. Participants b. Primary sources c. Secondary sources d. Experimental subjects 144. In order for a study to be classified as an experimental design, which three (3) elements must be present? a. Control, randomization, correlation b. Control, randomization, intervention/manipulation c. Randomization, intervention/manipulation, correlation d. Randomization, correlation, association 145. A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the: a. Accessible population b. Elements of the population c. Target population d. Sample population 146. A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalization for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the: a. General population b. Target population c. Theoretical population d. Accessible population 147. Individual unit of a target population is called? a. Cluster b. Element c. Frame d. Power 148. In a study about childhood obesity, the researcher discusses the concept of overweight in terms of weight for height measures, body mass index (BMI), body image,self-esteem, and social norms. The researcher states that a BMI the 95th percentile represents overweight. This statement is a(n): a. Operational definition b. Dependent variable c. Conceptual definition d. Independent variable 149. Which statement is true about the hypothesis in a researcher study? a. It clearly identifies concepts b. It is written at a higher level of abstraction than a general proposition c. It is not testable d. It makes a statement about specific relationships among variables 150. Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest relationship? a. 0.5 b. 0.7 c. -0.8 d. 0.6 151. A researcher calculates a Pearson product-moment coefficient of 0.2. The reviewer understands that this value represents: a. A moderate positive correlation b. A moderate negative correlation c. A weak negative correlation d. A weak positive correlation 152. All nurses need to have expertise in which skill regarding research? a. Literature review b. Critical appraisal c. Statistical analysis d. Interviewing techniques 153. The median of the following set of numbers (12, 4, 13, 20, 4, 10, 14) is: a. 4 b. 11 c. 12 d. 17 154. A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer children. In this example, the r value is likely to be: a. = 0 b. 0 c. Not definable d. 0 155. Under what condition would the mean, median, and mode be equal? a. Normal distribution of scores b. Equal range and standard deviation c. Multimodal distribution of scores d. Small variance 156. Which of the following is an example of direct measurement?a. Height b. Depression scale c. Coping scale d. Compliance 157. A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of: a. Validity b. Precision c. Reliability d. Accuracy 158. It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects in order to: a. Ensure that control and experimental subjects are different b. Understand how well the sample represents the target population c. Calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study scores d. Ensure that outcomes are not caused by independent variables 159. In a study comparing weight gain between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants who were breastfed and SGA infants who were fed formula, researchers noted increased weight gain in infants who were held more regardless of how they were fed. This finding is an example of a: a. Nonsignificant result b. Significant result c. Mixed result d. Serendipitous result 160. A researcher studying subjects who have pulmonary disease presents a data set to describe the different conditions the subjects experience and reports the following data. Which number represents the mode for this data set? Asthma 4 COPD 6 Chronic bronchitis 4 Pulmonary hypertension 7 a. 5.25 b. 4.0 c. 6.5 d. 7.0 161. If a study’s measurement is not able to measure the intended focus, it has no: a. Structure b. Directness c. Validity d. Rating 162. An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to: a. Measure the reliability and validity of measurement tools b. Generalize results from the study to the target population c. Determine whether theoretical constructs are validd. Analyze and describe data collected during a study 163. A reviewer is asked to critically appraise a report to help determine whether funding will be allocated for a research study. This reviewer will be appraising research: a. Literature review b. Proposal c. Abstract d. Article 164. A researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared with the other subjects. These three subjects would be treated as: a. Outliners b. Deviants c. Ungrouped participants d. Unexpected findings 165. Which of the following will be most affected by scores that are extremely high or extremely low? a. Median b. Mean c. Mode d. All answer options are affected equally 166. A researcher is analyzing the following data set. Which value represents the range? 43 46 46 57 67 69 78 a. 57 b. 46 c. 58 d. 35 167. What percent of scores will be within one standard deviation above or below the mean? a. 68.3 b. 95.5 c. 99.7 d. 34.8 168. In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to: a. Determine the risk of a Type I error b. Speculate on the frequency distribution of study values c. Reveal whether the p value meets criteria for statistical significance d. Describe the degree of generalizability of the findings169. Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity (Level I, Level II, and Level III). This represents which level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Interval c. Ordinal d. Ratio 170. If a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis, he/she has committed a: a. No error b. Type III error c. Type II error d. Type I error 171. What is the mean value in the following set of scores? 128 128 130 135 144 a. 132.8 b. 130 c. 128 d. 133 172. A blood hemoglobin measurement of 13.5g/100mL would be which level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 173. In a data set that has normal distribution what percent of scores will be within two standard deviations above or below the mean? a. 68.3 b. 99.7 c. 34 d. 95.5 174. A Type II error may occur as a result of: a. A sample that is small b. Minimal control c. Inadequately developed scales d. All answer options provided 175. A statistically significant finding means that: a. The results will be the same if the study is repeated with another sample b. Findings are clinically important and valuable c. Obtained results are not likely to have been due to chance d. Interventions should be used in clinical practice176. A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6 months. Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants weight? a. Direct b. Ordinal c. Nominal d. Indirect 177. Which of the following Cronbach alpha coefficients would be the lowest value you would accept in evaluating the reliability of a well-developed measurement tool? a. 0.7 b. 0.8 c. 0.9 d. 0.05 178. The likelihood that a statistical value obtained through analysis of the data is likely to occur in any two samples selected from the same population is called: a. Induction b. Probability c. Interval estimation d. Degrees of freedom 179. What type of sample is generally used in outcomes studies? a. Volunteer sample b. Small sample c. Heterogenous sample d. Homogeneous sample 180. A researcher wishes to widely disseminate findings of outcomes research in order to influence practice in a variety of settings. Which methods might this researcher use? a. An oral presentation at an international conference b. Publication in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals c. Writing about this research in a chapter of a nursing textbook d. A series of presentations and publications in professional and public forums 181. A tool with perfect reliability will have a reliability coefficient of: a. 0.8 b. 1.00 c. 0.07 d. 0.8 182. A researcher collects the following scores on a set of ranked data. Which is the median score? 2567 10 1518 21 a. 10.5 b. 7 c. 8.5 d. 10 183. A critical appraisal of a study is: a. A subjective examination of a study’s significance b. A subjective analysis of merits and demerits of a study c. Balanced appraisal of a study’s strength and weaknesses d. Analysis of everything the author(s) didn’t do right 184. A reviewer is critically appraising a study’s variables. What will the researcher evaluate? a. Whether definition of variables are reported in the discussion section b. Conceptual and operational definitions of variables c. Whether dependent variables caused changed in the independent variables d. Use of all types of variables, including independent, dependent, and research variables 185. A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ratio c. Ordinal d. Interval 186. A reviewer reads through a study from beginning to end, noting whether the title and abstract are clear, if relevant terms are defined, and if the introduction, methods, results, and discussion are plainly identified. This represents which part of a critical appraisal? a. Identification of the steps of the research process b. Analysis of the study methods c. Comprehension of the study outcomes d. Evaluation of the literature review 187. An intellectual critical appraisal differs from other kinds of critiques because it: a. Regards both the work itself as well as the study author b. Focuses solely on the strengths of the study c. Evaluate the quality and meaning of empirical evidence d. Judges the researcher’s ability and credentials 188. In a quasi-experimental study design, the group that receives placebo or nothing is usually referred to as the: a. Experimental group b. Intervention group c. Control group d. Treatment group 189. An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either:a. 0.005 or 0.001 b. 0.5 or 0.1 c. 0.03 or 0.003 d. 0.05 or 0.01 190. Pearson’s product-moment correlation: a. A measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables b. Examines the nature of the relationship between two variables c. Determines the strength of the relationship between two variables d. All of the answer options provided 191. A Type I error may occur when the: a. Study contains multiple extraneous variables increasing the likelihood of error b. Sample size is large thus increasing the applicability of the study c. Researcher concludes that there is no difference between groups when there is a difference d. Researcher concludes that there is a difference when there is no difference 192. A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer children. This represents which type of relationship? a. Positive b. Negative c. Asymmetrical d. Symmetrical 193. In a normal distribution, what percent of scores will be within three standard deviation above or below the mean? a. 99.7 b. 100.2 c. 99.9 d. 68.3