BIOL 2117 OPENSTAX MICROBIOLOGY
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS CHAPTER 14 FULL
QUESTION BANK 2026 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Answer: -
Autotrophs: make own organic carbon moleculesexample: CO2 -> sugar
- Heterotrophs: use existing carbon molecules
◉ Describe the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions in
metabolism. Answer: Transferring electrons allows incremental energy
instead of big burst.
◉ Describe why ATP, FAD, NAD+, and NADP+ are important in a cell.
Answer: - Energy is stored thru reduction of carriers OR
adenotriphosphate (ATP)
- Reduction of NAD+ & FAD are used in energy extraction from sugars
- NADP+ reduction is common to photosynthesis
◉ Identify the structure and structural components of an enzyme.
Answer: - Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
- Reusable & important to cellular pathways
- Lower activation energy for chemical reactions
- Substrate - molecule that enzymes bind to but only on active site
- Factors affecting function:
,1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Substrate availability
4. Necessity of helper molecules
- Cofactors - inorganic ions; Fe2+ or Mg2+
- Coenzymes - helper molecules that are no used up
◉ Describe the differences between competitive and noncompetitive
enzyme inhibitors. Answer: - Competitive inhibitors - binds to active site
- Noncompetitive inhibitors - binds to allosteric site
◉ Explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. Answer: -
Exergonic - spontaneous & releases energy (catabolism)
- Endergonic - requires energy to occur (anabolism)
◉ Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Answer:
- Autotrophs - make own organic carbon moleculesexample: CO2 ->
sugar
- Heterotrophs - use existing carbon molecules
◉ What is the function of an electron carrier? Answer: cytochrome
oxidase
, ◉ What role do enzymes play in a chemical reaction? Answer: Proteins
that catalyze chemical reactions
◉ Explain the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a
noncompetitive inhibitor. Answer: - Competitive inhibitors - binds to
active site
- Noncompetitive inhibitors - binds to allosteric site
◉ Describe why glycolysis is not oxygen dependent. Answer: Pyruvate
(byproduct of glycolysis) can be oxidized for more energy.
◉ Define and describe the net yield of three-carbon molecules, ATP, and
NADH from glycolysis. Answer:
◉ Explain how three-carbon pyruvate molecules are converted into two-
carbon acetyl groups that can be funneled into the Krebs cycle. Answer:
◉ Define and describe the net yield of CO2, GTP/ATP, FADH2, and
NADH from the Krebs cycle. Answer:
◉ Explain how intermediate carbon molecules of the Krebs cycle can be
used in a cell. Answer:
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS CHAPTER 14 FULL
QUESTION BANK 2026 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Answer: -
Autotrophs: make own organic carbon moleculesexample: CO2 -> sugar
- Heterotrophs: use existing carbon molecules
◉ Describe the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions in
metabolism. Answer: Transferring electrons allows incremental energy
instead of big burst.
◉ Describe why ATP, FAD, NAD+, and NADP+ are important in a cell.
Answer: - Energy is stored thru reduction of carriers OR
adenotriphosphate (ATP)
- Reduction of NAD+ & FAD are used in energy extraction from sugars
- NADP+ reduction is common to photosynthesis
◉ Identify the structure and structural components of an enzyme.
Answer: - Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
- Reusable & important to cellular pathways
- Lower activation energy for chemical reactions
- Substrate - molecule that enzymes bind to but only on active site
- Factors affecting function:
,1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Substrate availability
4. Necessity of helper molecules
- Cofactors - inorganic ions; Fe2+ or Mg2+
- Coenzymes - helper molecules that are no used up
◉ Describe the differences between competitive and noncompetitive
enzyme inhibitors. Answer: - Competitive inhibitors - binds to active site
- Noncompetitive inhibitors - binds to allosteric site
◉ Explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. Answer: -
Exergonic - spontaneous & releases energy (catabolism)
- Endergonic - requires energy to occur (anabolism)
◉ Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Answer:
- Autotrophs - make own organic carbon moleculesexample: CO2 ->
sugar
- Heterotrophs - use existing carbon molecules
◉ What is the function of an electron carrier? Answer: cytochrome
oxidase
, ◉ What role do enzymes play in a chemical reaction? Answer: Proteins
that catalyze chemical reactions
◉ Explain the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a
noncompetitive inhibitor. Answer: - Competitive inhibitors - binds to
active site
- Noncompetitive inhibitors - binds to allosteric site
◉ Describe why glycolysis is not oxygen dependent. Answer: Pyruvate
(byproduct of glycolysis) can be oxidized for more energy.
◉ Define and describe the net yield of three-carbon molecules, ATP, and
NADH from glycolysis. Answer:
◉ Explain how three-carbon pyruvate molecules are converted into two-
carbon acetyl groups that can be funneled into the Krebs cycle. Answer:
◉ Define and describe the net yield of CO2, GTP/ATP, FADH2, and
NADH from the Krebs cycle. Answer:
◉ Explain how intermediate carbon molecules of the Krebs cycle can be
used in a cell. Answer:
