POLS 2302 EXAMINATION SET 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS GRADED A+
● Implementation. Answer: The efforts of departments and agencies to
translate laws into specific bureaucratic rules and actions
(Congress/Legislature make law - Bureaucrats implement/enforce laws
after the creation of policy built upon the created law).
● Administrative Capacity. Answer: Bureaucratic agencies have to have
sufficient personnel and resources to implement/enforce laws effectively.
● Administrative Procedure Act of 1946. Answer: Regulatory process
which sets for the steps by which rules are created and adopted for
newly passed legislation/laws. Once adopted, they are sent to the OMB
for review, approval, and published in the Federal Register. After public
comment in the Federal Register, the proposed rule goes back to the
OMB for clearance, and goes back to the Federal Register, giving the
bureaucratic agency the power to enforce the 'rule of law.'
● 1939 Hatch Act. Answer: Prevents federal employees from engaging
in certain types of political activities.
● Principal-Agent Problem. Answer: Occurs when one entity (the
principal - Congress) gives decision-making authority to another (the
, agent - Bureaucratic Agencies) but the agent makes decisions that are
different from what the principal may have wanted.
● West Virginia v. EPA. Answer: The Clean Air Act articulated that
Congress gave the EPA authority over individual power plants only, and
not to operate beyond that scope, such as their effort to set pollution caps
for certain States. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that decisions of that
magnitude rest with Congress, or clear delegation.
● Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. Answer: Statutory ambiguities
should be handled by Judges, not administrators. The decision
overturned the 'Chevron deference' doctrine.
● SEC v. Jarkesy. Answer: SEC could not solely impose civil penalties,
but file a complaint in federal court first to seek relief.
● Executive Departments. Answer: The 15 departments in the executive
branch headed by Cabinet secretaries and constituting the majority of the
federal bureaucracy.
● Independent Regulatory Commissions. Answer: A government agency
outside of the executive department usually headed by Commissioners.
● Government Corporations. Answer: A government agency that
performs a market-oriented public service and raises revenues to fund its
activities.
SOLVED QUESTIONS GRADED A+
● Implementation. Answer: The efforts of departments and agencies to
translate laws into specific bureaucratic rules and actions
(Congress/Legislature make law - Bureaucrats implement/enforce laws
after the creation of policy built upon the created law).
● Administrative Capacity. Answer: Bureaucratic agencies have to have
sufficient personnel and resources to implement/enforce laws effectively.
● Administrative Procedure Act of 1946. Answer: Regulatory process
which sets for the steps by which rules are created and adopted for
newly passed legislation/laws. Once adopted, they are sent to the OMB
for review, approval, and published in the Federal Register. After public
comment in the Federal Register, the proposed rule goes back to the
OMB for clearance, and goes back to the Federal Register, giving the
bureaucratic agency the power to enforce the 'rule of law.'
● 1939 Hatch Act. Answer: Prevents federal employees from engaging
in certain types of political activities.
● Principal-Agent Problem. Answer: Occurs when one entity (the
principal - Congress) gives decision-making authority to another (the
, agent - Bureaucratic Agencies) but the agent makes decisions that are
different from what the principal may have wanted.
● West Virginia v. EPA. Answer: The Clean Air Act articulated that
Congress gave the EPA authority over individual power plants only, and
not to operate beyond that scope, such as their effort to set pollution caps
for certain States. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that decisions of that
magnitude rest with Congress, or clear delegation.
● Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. Answer: Statutory ambiguities
should be handled by Judges, not administrators. The decision
overturned the 'Chevron deference' doctrine.
● SEC v. Jarkesy. Answer: SEC could not solely impose civil penalties,
but file a complaint in federal court first to seek relief.
● Executive Departments. Answer: The 15 departments in the executive
branch headed by Cabinet secretaries and constituting the majority of the
federal bureaucracy.
● Independent Regulatory Commissions. Answer: A government agency
outside of the executive department usually headed by Commissioners.
● Government Corporations. Answer: A government agency that
performs a market-oriented public service and raises revenues to fund its
activities.
