PPL CAAP NAVIGATION TEST WITH COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
● Longitude. Answer: Is the angle at the centre of the planet between 2 planes that align with
and intersect along the the axis of rotation, perpendicular to the plane of the equator
● Prime Meridian. Answer: The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through
the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
● Latitude. Answer: distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees
● great circle. Answer: Circle whose centre and diameter is the same as the earth
● small circle. Answer: Circle whose centre and diameter is NOT the same as the earth
● Rhumb Line. Answer: A line of constant compass direction, or constant bearing, that
crosses successive meridians at the same angle; appears as a straight line only on the
Mercator projection.
● Meridian. Answer: An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles. HALF A
GREAT CIRCLE
● Are parallels of latitude great circles?. Answer: NO, with the exception of the equator
● Variation. Answer: Difference between True and magnetic
● deviation. Answer: Difference between magnetic and compass direction
● Variation EAST Magnetic?. Answer: LEAST M < T
● Variation WEST Magnetic?. Answer: BEST M > T
● Isogonal Lines. Answer: Lines of constant variation
● agonic line. Answer: A line connecting points of zero magnetic variation
● 1 minute of latitude = _____ nautical mile. Answer: 1 nautical mile
● VTA projections. Answer: vTA => Traverse Mercator
, ● VNC and WAC projection. Answer: Lambert Conformal Conic
● Dead Reckoning. Answer: Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations
based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed
time.
● Double track error. Answer: Only works if less than 1/2 way from departure to destination.
Double the drift angle to obtain heading change.
● Opening and Closing angle method. Answer: Sum the opening and closing angles to obtain
heading change.
● One in 60 rule. Answer: If you allow your aircraft to drift 1 degree off track over 60 nm
distance then you will be 1 nm off your desired trac,
● Drift Error formula (one in 60 rule). Answer: (Miles off track X 60) / Miles flown
● Standard Empty Weight. Answer: The weight of a standard airplane, including unusable
fuel, full operating fluids and full engine oil UFF.
● Basic Empty Weight. Answer: Standard empty weight plus optional equipment
● Useful Load. Answer: Max gross weight - empty weight
● Payload. Answer: Useful Load - Fuel carried
● Maximum Ramp Weight. Answer: The total weight of a loaded aircraft, including all fuel. It is
greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and runup
operations. Ramp weight may also be referred to as taxi weight.
● Forumla for Moment. Answer: Moment = Arm x Weight
● Standard Pax. Weights. Answer: Summer Men 206 Women 172 Child 75 Infant 30 Winter
Men 212 Women 178 Child 75 Infant 30
● COG formula. Answer: Total Moment / Total Weight
● NDB. Answer: Non-Directional Beacon
● ADF. Answer: Automatic Direction Finder
● NDB and ADF Frequency range. Answer: LF to MF all in kHz
● Are NDB and ADF restricted to line of sight?. Answer: NO - they follow curvature of earth
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
● Longitude. Answer: Is the angle at the centre of the planet between 2 planes that align with
and intersect along the the axis of rotation, perpendicular to the plane of the equator
● Prime Meridian. Answer: The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through
the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
● Latitude. Answer: distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees
● great circle. Answer: Circle whose centre and diameter is the same as the earth
● small circle. Answer: Circle whose centre and diameter is NOT the same as the earth
● Rhumb Line. Answer: A line of constant compass direction, or constant bearing, that
crosses successive meridians at the same angle; appears as a straight line only on the
Mercator projection.
● Meridian. Answer: An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles. HALF A
GREAT CIRCLE
● Are parallels of latitude great circles?. Answer: NO, with the exception of the equator
● Variation. Answer: Difference between True and magnetic
● deviation. Answer: Difference between magnetic and compass direction
● Variation EAST Magnetic?. Answer: LEAST M < T
● Variation WEST Magnetic?. Answer: BEST M > T
● Isogonal Lines. Answer: Lines of constant variation
● agonic line. Answer: A line connecting points of zero magnetic variation
● 1 minute of latitude = _____ nautical mile. Answer: 1 nautical mile
● VTA projections. Answer: vTA => Traverse Mercator
, ● VNC and WAC projection. Answer: Lambert Conformal Conic
● Dead Reckoning. Answer: Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations
based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed
time.
● Double track error. Answer: Only works if less than 1/2 way from departure to destination.
Double the drift angle to obtain heading change.
● Opening and Closing angle method. Answer: Sum the opening and closing angles to obtain
heading change.
● One in 60 rule. Answer: If you allow your aircraft to drift 1 degree off track over 60 nm
distance then you will be 1 nm off your desired trac,
● Drift Error formula (one in 60 rule). Answer: (Miles off track X 60) / Miles flown
● Standard Empty Weight. Answer: The weight of a standard airplane, including unusable
fuel, full operating fluids and full engine oil UFF.
● Basic Empty Weight. Answer: Standard empty weight plus optional equipment
● Useful Load. Answer: Max gross weight - empty weight
● Payload. Answer: Useful Load - Fuel carried
● Maximum Ramp Weight. Answer: The total weight of a loaded aircraft, including all fuel. It is
greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and runup
operations. Ramp weight may also be referred to as taxi weight.
● Forumla for Moment. Answer: Moment = Arm x Weight
● Standard Pax. Weights. Answer: Summer Men 206 Women 172 Child 75 Infant 30 Winter
Men 212 Women 178 Child 75 Infant 30
● COG formula. Answer: Total Moment / Total Weight
● NDB. Answer: Non-Directional Beacon
● ADF. Answer: Automatic Direction Finder
● NDB and ADF Frequency range. Answer: LF to MF all in kHz
● Are NDB and ADF restricted to line of sight?. Answer: NO - they follow curvature of earth
