FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
z z z z z z z z z
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
z z z z z z z z
What is the function of renin? - (correct answer) -Renin is a hormone produced by the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
potassium balance
z z
Erythropoietin - (correct answer) -stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
z z z z z z z z z z z z
(RBSc).
z
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - (correct answer) -The kidney converts Vitamin
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
z z z z z z z z z
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - (correct answer) -No longer produce
z z z z z z z z z z z
calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
What are the body fluid compartments? - (correct answer) -Intracellular-inside the cells •
z z z z z z z z z z z z
Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-
z z z z z z z z z z
between the cells z z
What is homeostasis? - (correct answer) -Maintaining a stable internal environment
z z z z z z z z z z
uremia - (correct answer) -build up of waste
z z z z z z z
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - (correct answer) -A membrane made from
z z z z z z z z z z z
protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
z z z z z z z z z z z z
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of
z z z z z z z z z z z z
each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
dialysate.
z
, What is countercurrent flow? - (correct answer) -Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
z z z z z z z z z z z z
directions
z
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - (correct answer) -Clotted fibers
z z z z z z z z z z z z
cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
across the membrane.
z z z
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-
z z z z z z z z z z z
permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together. z z z z z z z z z
What are three types of solutions? - (correct answer) -• Hypotonic-containing less particles
z z z z z z z z z z z z
• Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
z z z z z z z z
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
manufacturing process
z z
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - (correct answer) -50 ml of saline should
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
(correct answer) -Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
z z z z z z z z z z z
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - (correct answer) -The
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
dialyzer should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
packaging or if out of the package should have all open ports capped), any structural
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
What are electrolytes? - (correct answer) -Electrolytes are charged particles that can
z z z z z z z z z z z
conduct an electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
function, and maintain the body's homeostasis.
z z z z z z
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
z z z z z z z
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or
z z z z z z z z z z z z
bloodstream.
z
What is dialysate? - (correct answer) -Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
to remove waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
z z z z z z z z z z
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
z z z z z z z z z
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
z z z z z z z z
What is the function of renin? - (correct answer) -Renin is a hormone produced by the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
potassium balance
z z
Erythropoietin - (correct answer) -stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
z z z z z z z z z z z z
(RBSc).
z
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - (correct answer) -The kidney converts Vitamin
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
z z z z z z z z z
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - (correct answer) -No longer produce
z z z z z z z z z z z
calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
What are the body fluid compartments? - (correct answer) -Intracellular-inside the cells •
z z z z z z z z z z z z
Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-
z z z z z z z z z z
between the cells z z
What is homeostasis? - (correct answer) -Maintaining a stable internal environment
z z z z z z z z z z
uremia - (correct answer) -build up of waste
z z z z z z z
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - (correct answer) -A membrane made from
z z z z z z z z z z z
protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
z z z z z z z z z z z z
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of
z z z z z z z z z z z z
each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
dialysate.
z
, What is countercurrent flow? - (correct answer) -Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
z z z z z z z z z z z z
directions
z
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - (correct answer) -Clotted fibers
z z z z z z z z z z z z
cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
across the membrane.
z z z
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-
z z z z z z z z z z z
permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together. z z z z z z z z z
What are three types of solutions? - (correct answer) -• Hypotonic-containing less particles
z z z z z z z z z z z z
• Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
z z z z z z z z
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
manufacturing process
z z
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - (correct answer) -50 ml of saline should
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
(correct answer) -Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
z z z z z z z z z z z
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - (correct answer) -The
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
dialyzer should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
packaging or if out of the package should have all open ports capped), any structural
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
What are electrolytes? - (correct answer) -Electrolytes are charged particles that can
z z z z z z z z z z z
conduct an electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
function, and maintain the body's homeostasis.
z z z z z z
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: - (correct answer) -
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
z z z z z z z
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? - (correct
z z z z z z z z z z z
answer) -During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or
z z z z z z z z z z z z
bloodstream.
z
What is dialysate? - (correct answer) -Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
to remove waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
z z z z z z z z z z
