NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 1 – Advanced Pathophysiology Guide | UTA (Latest 2026/2027 Update) 400 Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A

NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 1 – Advanced Pathophysiology Guide | UTA (Latest 2026/2027 Update) 400 Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | 100% VERIFIED Question: What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Answer Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein synthesis, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria Question: How are free radicals produced? Answer 1. Normal cellular respiration 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) 3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides 4. Transition of metals 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical Question: What is the body's defense against ROS? Answer Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) Question: action potential Answer Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -- the neuron depolarizes -- then repolarizes Question: Threshold potential Answer Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential Question: Hypokalemia and action potentials Answer HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Question: Hyperkalemia and action potentials Answer HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Question: Hypocalcemia and action potentials Answer Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias. Question: Hypercalcemia and action potentials Answer Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves Question: Atrophy Answer Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death. Question: Atrophy examples Answer Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed Question: Hypertrophy Answer Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand. Question: Hypertrophy examples Answer physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / left ventricular hypertrophy Question: Hyperplasia Answer Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division). Question: Hyperplasia examples Answer 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells. 2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast. 3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin 4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer Question: Dysplasia Answer abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation Question: Dysplasia examples Answer Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment. Question: Metaplasia Answer Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn Question: Metaplasia examples Answer Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers). Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart burn. Question: Carcinoma in situ Answer Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus Question: Hypoxic injury Answer 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning) 2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia) 3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia) 4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss, arteriosclerosis) Question: Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations Answer 1. Increased CK (muscle and heart) 2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain) 3. Increased ALT and AST (liver) 4. Increased troponin (heart) Question: Reperfusion injury Answer Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Xanthine dehydrogenase -- xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload