Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS
231 BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER ✔
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body
function.
2. Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER ✔
Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to
hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable
bowel syndrome.
,3. What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER ✔ Congenital: present at
birth
Acquired: occur after birth
4. What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSWER ✔
Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues.
5. Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
each. - ANSWER ✔ These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs
is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
6. What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWER ✔
Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
7. Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ANSWER ✔
Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct
tool to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood
pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent
on someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
8. Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ANSWER ✔
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a
community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
,9. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER ✔
Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given time,
prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
10.What is cancer? - ANSWER ✔ The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
11.What is neoplasia? - ANSWER ✔ "New growth". Process of uncontrolled,
abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body
12.What is neoplasm? - ANSWER ✔ The new growth itself
13.Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - ANSWER ✔
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
14.Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) -
ANSWER ✔ Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
15.Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - ANSWER ✔
Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis
16.What is proliferation? - ANSWER ✔ Process of cell division. Adaptive
process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are
needed.
17.Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and
uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating
stimuli. - ANSWER ✔ Genetic abnormalities
, 18.What is differentiation? - ANSWER ✔ Process by which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division
19.What is apoptosis? - ANSWER ✔ Programmed cell death. Eliminates old,
damaged, or unwanted cells
20.The nurse is caring for a patient who has been admitted because PT is 56 and
INR is 8.2. He is receiving vitamin K. His wife puts on the call light and the
patients on the commode saying "I don't feel good" in the commode is a
large amount of bright red bloody stool. The patient is ashen, diaphoretic,
heart rate of 112 and a BP of 89/69. What is the nurses best action to take?
a) listen to lung sounds, check SPO2
b) call the lab to come draw a stat hgb/hct
c) increase the IV rate, call for help
d) prepare the patient for emergency surgery - ANSWER ✔ c) increase
the IV rate, call for help
• lab will come later to draw blood values and patient may go in
for emergency surgery but the nurses initial action is to restore
perfusion for the patient
21.A nurse is taking the morning BP of a postop patient and the reading is
96/60. What does the nurse do next
a) Report the reading to the physician
b) assess the patient's HR, RR, and LOC
c) check the patient's chart for VS trends
d) make note to check the patients BP in an hour - ANSWER ✔ b) assess
the patient's HR, RR, and LOC
• don't have enough data so these assessments will tell us how
the patient is perfusing
231 BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER ✔
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body
function.
2. Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER ✔
Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to
hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable
bowel syndrome.
,3. What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER ✔ Congenital: present at
birth
Acquired: occur after birth
4. What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSWER ✔
Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues.
5. Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
each. - ANSWER ✔ These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs
is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
6. What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWER ✔
Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
7. Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ANSWER ✔
Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct
tool to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood
pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent
on someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
8. Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ANSWER ✔
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a
community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
,9. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER ✔
Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given time,
prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
10.What is cancer? - ANSWER ✔ The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
11.What is neoplasia? - ANSWER ✔ "New growth". Process of uncontrolled,
abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body
12.What is neoplasm? - ANSWER ✔ The new growth itself
13.Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - ANSWER ✔
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
14.Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) -
ANSWER ✔ Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
15.Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - ANSWER ✔
Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis
16.What is proliferation? - ANSWER ✔ Process of cell division. Adaptive
process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are
needed.
17.Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and
uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating
stimuli. - ANSWER ✔ Genetic abnormalities
, 18.What is differentiation? - ANSWER ✔ Process by which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division
19.What is apoptosis? - ANSWER ✔ Programmed cell death. Eliminates old,
damaged, or unwanted cells
20.The nurse is caring for a patient who has been admitted because PT is 56 and
INR is 8.2. He is receiving vitamin K. His wife puts on the call light and the
patients on the commode saying "I don't feel good" in the commode is a
large amount of bright red bloody stool. The patient is ashen, diaphoretic,
heart rate of 112 and a BP of 89/69. What is the nurses best action to take?
a) listen to lung sounds, check SPO2
b) call the lab to come draw a stat hgb/hct
c) increase the IV rate, call for help
d) prepare the patient for emergency surgery - ANSWER ✔ c) increase
the IV rate, call for help
• lab will come later to draw blood values and patient may go in
for emergency surgery but the nurses initial action is to restore
perfusion for the patient
21.A nurse is taking the morning BP of a postop patient and the reading is
96/60. What does the nurse do next
a) Report the reading to the physician
b) assess the patient's HR, RR, and LOC
c) check the patient's chart for VS trends
d) make note to check the patients BP in an hour - ANSWER ✔ b) assess
the patient's HR, RR, and LOC
• don't have enough data so these assessments will tell us how
the patient is perfusing
