BIOL 2458 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BIOL 2458 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation. a) Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. b) Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury. c) Release of prostaglandins results in pain. d) Inflammation increases capillary permeability. - Answers b) Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury. A class I MHC protein presents an antigen. What type of cell is likely presenting and to what type of cell would it be presented? - Answers Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD8 cell. Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses? - Answers helper t cells In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? - Answers antigen All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation. a) It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens. b) It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them c) Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins. d) It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function. - Answers b) It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them A vaccine is effective because ______. - Answers the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be? - Answers passive artificial immunity Which of the following are properly matched? a) IgM: secreted in tears b) IgA: first antibody released during primary immune response c) IgG: most abundant antibody d) IgE: main antibody of the secondary immune response - Answers c) IgG: most abundant antibody What do plasma cells have a lot of and why? - Answers rough endoplasmic reticulum to secrete antibody proteins What are the functions of the spleen? - Answers store iron from hemoglobin, remove and recycle old erythrocytes and platelets, and house B and T lymphocytes Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting lymphatic vessels. - Answers trunks What are the methods that maintain lymph flow? - Answers skeletal muscle contraction, valves in lymph vessel walls, breathing Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymph organ? a) lymph node b) thymus c) tonsil d) spleen - Answers b) thymus What are the functions of a lymph node? - Answers The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system Fats absorbed from the small intestine are transported to the bloodstream via _______. - Answers lacteals Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________. - Answers plasma cells Which lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes? - Answers dendritic cells Which lymphoid organ appears before the others? - Answers thymus According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. - Answers 95% Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate? a) a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the blood b) an increase in partial pressure of oxygen c) alkalosis d) acidosis - Answers d) acidosis Which organs are shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system? - Answers mouth and pharynx Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? a) chloride shifting b) the Bohr effect c) the Haldane effect d) release of hydrogen ion - Answers a) chloride shifting Which of the following could be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack? a) acetylcholine b) central nervous system c) peripheral nervous system d) release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls - Answers d) release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls What are some benefits of breathing through the nose? - Answers recovering heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity, filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity, and heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? a) alveolar sac b) alveolar duct c) terminal bronchiole d) respiratory bronchiole - Answers c) terminal bronchiole How is minute ventilation calculated? - Answers The minute ventilation is calculated by multiplying the breaths per minute by the tidal volume What is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute when the tidal volume is 500 ml? - Answers 5000 milliliters per minute For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? a) thoracic cavity volume decreases b) intrapulmonary pressure drops c) air (gases) flows into lungs d) diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises - Answers d) diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH. - Answers oxygen What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? - Answers intrinsic factor, because it process vitamin b12 which is necessary for red blood cell maturation Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? a) chief cells b) mucous neck cells c) parietal cells d) surface epithelial cells - Answers parietal cells Which other organ can affect small-intestine motility? - Answers stomach An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______. - Answers inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus In a patient suffering from untreated infection-induced peritonitis, an infection in the visceral peritoneum immediately ______. - Answers spreads directly to the parietal peritoneum In what form do fats first enter the bloodstream? - Answers in the form of chylomicrons What are the functions of the low pH found in the stomach? - Answers Stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes, low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it, and any potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid. In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ________. - Answers long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy target rapidly dividing, cancerous cells, but can also destroy noncancerous cells with a rapid rate of mitosis. Which small intestinal features are LEAST likely to be damaged by chemotherapy? a) enterocytes b) microvilli c) the muscularis layer of the intestine d) mucosal stem cells - Answers c) the muscularis layer of the intestine Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________ - Answers jejunum and ileum (sections of small intestine) Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. What are some conditions that could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low? - Answers atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? - Answers type II alveolar cells __________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. - Answers Transpulmonary True or False? Henry's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. - Answers True What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? - Answers simple squamous epithelium Which of the following is NOT an event that can result in an autoimmune disease? a) activation of self-reactive lymphocytes that survived negative selection b) cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens c) binding of a T cell to an antigen without receiving a co-stimulatory signal d) genetic mutations causing changes in the structure of self-antigens - Answers c) binding of a T cell to an antigen without receiving a co-stimulatory signal What is/are the most specific internal defense/s against disease? - Answers T cells Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus? - Answers interferon Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? - Answers natural killer cells Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? a) to participate in gas exchange at capillaries b) to carry pathogens towards lymph nodes c) to transport absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the bloodstream d) to return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream - Answers a) to participate in gas exchange at capillaries What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine? - Answers lacteals Which vessels transport fluid that leaks from the vascular system back into the blood? - Answers lymphatics Which statement below describes the lymphatic system's role in relation to the cardiovascular system? a) It serves as a pathway for distribution of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. b) It is the major source for distribution of all hormones. c) It is the primary source for regulation of blood pressure. d) It maintains blood volume and, hence, pressure. e) It helps regulate cardiac activity. - Answers d) It maintains blood volume and, hence, pressure. What are the functions of lymphatic vessels? - Answers transportation of absorbed fat from the intestines to the blood, the return of leaked proteins to the blood, and the return of tissue fluid to the bloodstream Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in removing aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood? - Answers spleen lymph - Answers colorless fluid containing white blood cells In what order does lymph flow through the lymphatic system? - Answers Interstitial fluid - lymph capillaries - lymph vessels - lymph trunks - lymph ducts - subclavian veins What is the function of antigen presenting cells? - Answers process & present antigen to lymphocyte