BIOL 2458 LAB PRACTICAL 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
plasma - Answers 55% of blood (liquid)
formed elements - Answers erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
hematocrit - Answers % of RBC in blood
erythrocytes - Answers red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon
dioxide from the cells to the lungs
hemoglobin - Answers iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
leukocytes - Answers white blood cells
granulocytes - Answers group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils.
neutrophils - Answers most abundant wbc; bacterial specialist
eosinophils - Answers kill parasites by releasing enzymatic granules; plays a role in allergic reactions
too
basophils - Answers circulating leukocyte that produces histamine; inflammatory specialist
agranulocytes - Answers lymphocytes and monocytes
lympocytes - Answers T and B cells
monocytes - Answers *A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends
pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time
*An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
megakaryocytes - Answers Giant cells in bone marrow that release platelets
platelets - Answers important in blood clotting
hematopoiesis - Answers blood cell formation
erythropoiesis - Answers production of red blood cells
leukopoiesis - Answers formation of white blood cells
thrombopoiesis - Answers platelet production
WBC count - Answers 5,000-10,000
RBC count - Answers 4-6 million
WBC differential count - Answers measure of the percentage of different types of white blood cells
present in the blood
anemia - Answers too few red blood cells
leukocytosis - Answers abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection
leukemia - Answers cancerous condition due to excess production of wbc
acute - Answers quick
chronic - Answers slow advancing
myeloid leukemia - Answers uncontrolled granulocyte & monocyte production
lymphocytic leukemia - Answers involves lymphocytes
thrombocytosis - Answers abnormally high platelet count
thrombocytopenia - Answers low platelet count
A+ blood type - Answers A, Rh antigens and B antibodies
A- blood type - Answers A antigens, B antibodies
B+ blood type - Answers B, Rh antigens and A antibodies
B- blood type - Answers B antigens, A antibodies
AB+ blood type - Answers universal recipient; no antibodies
AB- blood type - Answers no antibodies, A and B antigens, Rh negative
o+ blood type - Answers neither A or B antigens, A and B antibodies Rh positive
O- blood type - Answers universal donor; no antigens present, no reaction when typing to either A or
B solutions.
antigens (agglutinogens) - Answers proteins on the surface of the red blood cell that determine its
type - A, B, AB and O
antibodies - Answers specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
agglutination - Answers clumping of red blood cells
blood transfusion - Answers whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
hemolytic disease of the newborn - Answers Rh+ dad + Rh- mom= Rh+ fetus (moms antibodies could
kill fetus)
pulmonary circuit - Answers carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart
systemic circuit - Answers carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
, apex of the heart - Answers bottom of the heart
pericardium - Answers double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
fibrous pericardium - Answers protects and anchors the heart to surrounding structures (connective
tissue)
serous pericardium - Answers wraps around the heart & is surrounded by pericardial fluid (simple
squamous epithelium)
myocardium - Answers spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells, middle layer of the heart
endocardium - Answers lines chambers and valves of heart
auricles - Answers "flaps" on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber
atria - Answers 2 upper chambers of the heart
right atrium - Answers receives deoxygenated blood from the body
left atrium - Answers receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
ventricles - Answers the two lower chambers of the heart
right ventricle - Answers pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left ventricle - Answers pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta
interventricular septum - Answers partition between the right and left ventricles
atrioventricular valves - Answers valves between the atria and ventricles
tricuspid valve - Answers valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve - Answers between left atrium and left ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve - Answers heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary
artery
aortic semilunar valve - Answers located between the left ventricle and the aorta
valves - Answers prevent back flow of blood
papillary muscles - Answers responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the
chordae tendineae (anchor it)
chordae tendineae - Answers thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and
prevent them from inverting
coronary arteries - Answers blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to
the heart muscle
cardiac veins - Answers collects deoxygenated blood from heart muscle tissue empty into right atrium
aorta - Answers largest artery in the body that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by
branch arteries through the body
superior vena cava - Answers receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the
right atrium of the heart
inferior vena cava - Answers carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium
pulmonary trunk - Answers carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries - Answers carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
pulmonary veins - Answers Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
cardiac muscle fibers - Answers contractile cells of the heart
intercalated discs - Answers specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap
junctions and desmosomes
tunica intima - Answers the innermost layer of a blood vessel
basement membrane - Answers tunica intima is afixed to this _____
lumen - Answers space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
tunica media - Answers middle layer of artery; made up of smooth muscle fibers and thick layer of
elastic connective tissue
tunica externa (adventitia) - Answers collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
elastic arteries - Answers Elastic arteries are those nearest the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries)
that contain much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries {conducting arteries}
muscular arteries - Answers distributing arteries
arterioles - Answers small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
venules - Answers small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
veins - Answers carry blood to the heart
capillaries - Answers smallest blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
aortic arch - Answers
thoracic aorta - Answers
abdominal aorta - Answers
plasma - Answers 55% of blood (liquid)
formed elements - Answers erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
hematocrit - Answers % of RBC in blood
erythrocytes - Answers red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon
dioxide from the cells to the lungs
hemoglobin - Answers iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
leukocytes - Answers white blood cells
granulocytes - Answers group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils.
neutrophils - Answers most abundant wbc; bacterial specialist
eosinophils - Answers kill parasites by releasing enzymatic granules; plays a role in allergic reactions
too
basophils - Answers circulating leukocyte that produces histamine; inflammatory specialist
agranulocytes - Answers lymphocytes and monocytes
lympocytes - Answers T and B cells
monocytes - Answers *A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends
pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time
*An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
megakaryocytes - Answers Giant cells in bone marrow that release platelets
platelets - Answers important in blood clotting
hematopoiesis - Answers blood cell formation
erythropoiesis - Answers production of red blood cells
leukopoiesis - Answers formation of white blood cells
thrombopoiesis - Answers platelet production
WBC count - Answers 5,000-10,000
RBC count - Answers 4-6 million
WBC differential count - Answers measure of the percentage of different types of white blood cells
present in the blood
anemia - Answers too few red blood cells
leukocytosis - Answers abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection
leukemia - Answers cancerous condition due to excess production of wbc
acute - Answers quick
chronic - Answers slow advancing
myeloid leukemia - Answers uncontrolled granulocyte & monocyte production
lymphocytic leukemia - Answers involves lymphocytes
thrombocytosis - Answers abnormally high platelet count
thrombocytopenia - Answers low platelet count
A+ blood type - Answers A, Rh antigens and B antibodies
A- blood type - Answers A antigens, B antibodies
B+ blood type - Answers B, Rh antigens and A antibodies
B- blood type - Answers B antigens, A antibodies
AB+ blood type - Answers universal recipient; no antibodies
AB- blood type - Answers no antibodies, A and B antigens, Rh negative
o+ blood type - Answers neither A or B antigens, A and B antibodies Rh positive
O- blood type - Answers universal donor; no antigens present, no reaction when typing to either A or
B solutions.
antigens (agglutinogens) - Answers proteins on the surface of the red blood cell that determine its
type - A, B, AB and O
antibodies - Answers specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
agglutination - Answers clumping of red blood cells
blood transfusion - Answers whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
hemolytic disease of the newborn - Answers Rh+ dad + Rh- mom= Rh+ fetus (moms antibodies could
kill fetus)
pulmonary circuit - Answers carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart
systemic circuit - Answers carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
, apex of the heart - Answers bottom of the heart
pericardium - Answers double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
fibrous pericardium - Answers protects and anchors the heart to surrounding structures (connective
tissue)
serous pericardium - Answers wraps around the heart & is surrounded by pericardial fluid (simple
squamous epithelium)
myocardium - Answers spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells, middle layer of the heart
endocardium - Answers lines chambers and valves of heart
auricles - Answers "flaps" on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber
atria - Answers 2 upper chambers of the heart
right atrium - Answers receives deoxygenated blood from the body
left atrium - Answers receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
ventricles - Answers the two lower chambers of the heart
right ventricle - Answers pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left ventricle - Answers pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta
interventricular septum - Answers partition between the right and left ventricles
atrioventricular valves - Answers valves between the atria and ventricles
tricuspid valve - Answers valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve - Answers between left atrium and left ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve - Answers heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary
artery
aortic semilunar valve - Answers located between the left ventricle and the aorta
valves - Answers prevent back flow of blood
papillary muscles - Answers responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the
chordae tendineae (anchor it)
chordae tendineae - Answers thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and
prevent them from inverting
coronary arteries - Answers blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to
the heart muscle
cardiac veins - Answers collects deoxygenated blood from heart muscle tissue empty into right atrium
aorta - Answers largest artery in the body that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by
branch arteries through the body
superior vena cava - Answers receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the
right atrium of the heart
inferior vena cava - Answers carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium
pulmonary trunk - Answers carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries - Answers carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
pulmonary veins - Answers Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
cardiac muscle fibers - Answers contractile cells of the heart
intercalated discs - Answers specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap
junctions and desmosomes
tunica intima - Answers the innermost layer of a blood vessel
basement membrane - Answers tunica intima is afixed to this _____
lumen - Answers space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
tunica media - Answers middle layer of artery; made up of smooth muscle fibers and thick layer of
elastic connective tissue
tunica externa (adventitia) - Answers collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
elastic arteries - Answers Elastic arteries are those nearest the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries)
that contain much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries {conducting arteries}
muscular arteries - Answers distributing arteries
arterioles - Answers small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
venules - Answers small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
veins - Answers carry blood to the heart
capillaries - Answers smallest blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
aortic arch - Answers
thoracic aorta - Answers
abdominal aorta - Answers
